AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 553 



Illiuois pipe been carved with auimals ui^on its stein that so important 

 a feature would have been passed over by Marquette ^>'ithout allusion 

 to it, and as a further evidence of the curved-base mound pipe owing 

 its elegance of form to European influence the lo(;ality where Marquette 

 received the pipe was in the area of the mound type. 



The calumet in the dance is used to defend the bearer from the attack 

 of the warrior who has taken the bow and arrow from the mat' men- 

 tioned. ^Marquette refers to the Ouabouskigon liiver, which runs into 

 the Mississippi from the east about latitude 36° north,- referred to in 

 the text as the Ohio. Marquette was told, by the natives, of Europeans 

 on the lower part of the river who lived to the east and who had images 

 and chaplets and played upon musical instruments and from whom 

 they bought their goods.' The pipe given to Marquette by the Illinois, 

 and its value as a safeguard is referred to in a letter of November 11, 

 1074, from Frontenac to Colbert.^ 



In 1G7G Father Allouez refers to the Illinois offering to him the 

 calumet. '• The chief," he says, " advanced about thirty steps to 

 meet me, holding in one hand a firebrand and in the other a feathered 

 calumet. As he drew near he raised it to my mouth, and himself lit 

 the tobacco, which obliged me to pretend to smoke." ^ 



Father Louis Hennepin refers to the calumet of peace in 1679 among 

 the "Iroquese," in the vicinity of Niagara, somewhat differently from 

 Marquette's allusions. The latter refers in his travels to more than 

 one place where his pipe was not received. Hennepin says : " It is a 

 large tobacco pipe of red, black, or white marble, with a finely polished 

 head. The quill, which is commonly two foot and a half long, is made 

 of a ijretty strong reed or cane adorned with feathers of all colours 

 interlaced with locks of women's hair. Every nation adorns it as they 

 think fit and according to the birds they have in their country. Such 

 a pipe is a safe conduct amongst all the allies of the nation which has 

 given it, and in all embassies the calumet is carried as a symbol of 

 peace, the savages being generally persuaded that some great misfor- 

 tune would befall them if they should violate the public faith of the 

 calumet."' *' 



Fathers Hennepin and Gabriel in 1679 visited Niagara Falls, " the 

 like whereof," Hennepin says, ''is not in the whole world."" The pipe 

 is there illustrated, and if the illustration is correct, as it presumably 

 is, would by its form indicate the Siouan type. 



It should be remembered that Lafitau says the Iroquois and Indians 

 near Quebec and on the St. Lawrence did not use the calumet of i)eace.^ 



McCulioh is probably correct in his assertion in reference to Hen- 



' Marquette aud Joliet, Historical Collections of Louisiana, Ft. 2, p. 290. 

 - Idem, rt. 2, p. 292. 

 3Idem, Pt. 2, p. 293. 



^ Pierre Margry, Doeouvertes et Etablissements des Fran^ais, Retour de Louis 

 Joliet, p. 260, Paris, 1875. 

 "* Narrative of Father Claude Allouez, Historical Collections of Louisiana, p. 73. 

 "Louis Henneiiiu, A ^'oyage to North America, Arch;eologica Americana, I, p. 70. 

 ^.John Harris, Voyages aud Travels, II, p. 907, London, 1705. 

 ''Muiurs des Sauvages Amcriciains, II, p. 314, Paris, 1724. 



