AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 571 



bearer is the next to this chief in dignity. The pipe used in the first 

 eight songs of the sixteen-song dance is of the rectangular character, 

 and appears to be of no special significance, but in the middle of the 

 ceremony, after the eighth song has been sung, the pipe bearer hands 

 a lighted coal to the chief in response to his call, who then puts the coal 

 in a long, straight, conical pipe holding six herbs; i^lacing the big end 

 in his mouth, blows six pufi's between the ears of a stone fetish of a 

 mountain lion. Is'o one else smokes this pipe, which is sacred. 



The same sacred character, apparently, is attributed to the pipe of 

 ceremony by all the pueblo people as is given to it by the Moki, who 

 again, at the great dance of the winter solstice, which lasts from four 

 to nine days and nights, used the tubular pipe, as they probably do in 

 all ceremonious dances; and in this veneration of the implement their 

 views appear to accord with those of all other Indians. 



The conclusion is warranted that the general ceremony of smoking 

 was similar at points far distant from each other; as, for example, from 

 southern Virginia to the country of the Iroquois, from the mouths of 

 the Mississippi to the Wisconsin Eiver, and through a large part of 

 Kew Mexico, which would indicate a great antiquity when we consider 

 the constant state of war in which the American Indian aj^jjears to 

 have been engaged. 



CATLINITE AND SIOUAN TYPES. 



Beginning with the earliest records of the North American Indians, 

 continuously to recent times, references are made to pipes of red mar- 

 ble, red stone, and red indurated clay, which there is every reason to 

 infer related to the stone now universally known as "catlinite," named 

 after Mr. George Catlin, who lived many years among the Indians, 

 painting their portraits in various costumes of peace and war, as they 

 aj^peared on their hunting excursions and in their games, as well as in 

 following their ordinary everyday vocations. These catlinite pipes 

 have been found over a wide area, in Indian graves and of several 

 forms, though the typical pipe of this material is the well-known rec- 

 tangular pipe of the Sioux, those of other forms probably being com- 

 paratively modern. Though the material has been so long known and 

 under so many different names, and such wonderful stories have been 

 told of it, the exact locality of the quarries from whence it is derived 

 has been known scarcely fifty years. It is near the town of Pii)estone, 

 in southwestern Minnesota. These quarries have quite recently been 

 visited and most carefully surveyed and inspected by Prof. W. H. 

 Holmes, who brought to the U. S. National Museum a section of the 

 material, showing its location and structure in the bed. It is an indu- 

 rated clay, forming a stratum about 12 inches thick, lying between beds 

 of quartzite. It is of markedly laminated character, scarcely 2 inches 

 of which is of sufficient thickness and suitable for carving pipes. The 



