576 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



ingenuity, of a very fine, red pot stone or a kind of serpentine marble. 

 Tliey are very scarce and seldom made use of by any other than the 

 Indian sachems or elders. The tine red stone of which these pipes are 

 made is likewise very scarce, and is found only in the country of those 

 Indians who are called Ingouez, and who, according- to Father Charle- 

 voix, live on the other side of the river Mississippi. The Indians them- 

 selves commonly vahie a pipe of this kind as much as a piece of silver 

 of the same size, and sometimes they make it still dearer. Of the same 

 kind of st(me commonly consists their pipe of peace, which the French 

 call Calumet de Paix, and which they make use of in their treaties of 

 peace and their alliances.'" 



There is little doubt that the red stone here referred to was catlinite. 



Hunter, referring to the Kickapoo, Kansas, and Osage tribes, says: 

 "They also make bowls and pipes of a kind of indurated bole and of 

 compact sand and limestone, which are excavated and reduced to form 

 by means of friction with harder substances, and the intervention of 

 sand and water. They generally ornament them with some figure 

 characteristic of the owner's name, as, for instance, with that of a buf- 

 falo, elk, bear, tortoise, serpent, etc., according to the circumstance or 

 caprice that has given rise to its assumption. "- 



Barber refers to catlinite being found in Indian graves in New York, 

 and in Georgia from a village site, points 1,200 miles from the quarry, 

 and revealing the vast distances over which some intercommunication 

 extended. ^ 



Specimens of this stone have been supposed to be found in an Indian 

 burial place in Santa Barbara County, California, in the shape of tubes 

 about 5 inclies long by a diameter of 1 inch, ^ though this supposition 

 is evidently a mistaken one. 



Specimens coming under the writer's notice from California of the 

 character referred to are made from a light pink indurated clay, which 

 is, however, mixed with sand and much softer than the catlinite, though 

 there is similarity in the color of the two stones. The California speci- 

 mens have certainly been made from a local source of supply. 



William Mc Adams refers to a curved base " mound pipe " of catlinite 

 found ill a mound on the Illinois Eiver bottom 15 miles from its mouth, 

 where at a depth of 16 feet from the surface they found a basin of clay 

 filled with clean white sand and a beautiful pipe of mottled catlinite.'^ 

 This implement was found associated with sea shells and objects of 

 copper. A present is referred to as early as 1G93, made by the western 

 nations to the Iroquois, of "a calumet of red stone of extraordinary 

 beauty and size." *■ 



The Indian is by no means the only one who worked the catlinite 



'Peter Kalm, Travels into North America, II, p. 43, London, 177L 



2 John D. Hunter, Manners and Customs of Several Indian Tribes located West of 

 the Mississippi, p. 298, Philadelphia, 1823, 



3E. A. Barber, Catlinite, American Naturalist, July, 1883, p. 763. 



•»Stepheu Bowers, American Naturalist, XVII, p. 990. 



•^William McAdams, Mounds of the Mississippi Bottom, Illinois, Smithsonian 

 Report, 1882, p. (i81. 



''Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York, X, p. 644. 



