AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. (527 



ditious also point to the tube as beiug the most ancient pipe of certain 

 tribes. There is found in the State of Ohio, however, a tube which 

 must not be confounded with tlie pipes. It is of stone and carries a 

 glass polish, having been bored by means of a tubular metal drill to 

 within an eighth of an inch of a tlat end, through the center of which 

 a small hole had been bored into the tube. These tubes have great 

 resonance, and are probably horns and quite modern in make. 



On the surfaces of tubular pipes there are observed at times incisions 

 rudely rei)resenting animal forms. They appear to be totein.ic, and the 

 technique of these ligures is from an artistic standpoint very inferior 

 to the carvings in the round of later pipes of the tube type, so differ- 

 ent, indeed, as to suggest an entirely distinct conception of art — the 

 one purely aboriginal, the other api)arently owing its existence not 

 only to the tools, but also to the manipulation of the whites. The more 

 elaborate tubular pipes are usually composed of such stones as chlorite 

 and steatite, both admirably suited to resist the heat engendered in 

 smoking. The great variety observable in the tubular pipes of wood 

 from the Hupa lieservation suggests their being modern, and intended 

 rather to supply tourists' demands than to comjily with tribal conven- 

 tionalisms. There are evidences that the tubular pi^je was smoked 

 with the aid of pellets of i)ottery, or of stone, intended to prevent 

 the escape of tobacco into the smoker's mouth. These pipes, for the 

 reasons given, are presumed to be the most archaic of any in shape, 

 probably continuing with little change until after the whites had 

 become established in the country. 



A rectangular pottery pipe made of a glossy ware has been discov- 

 ered among ^lexican ruins, and might raise a (question of age were it 

 not that the ware itself is apparently modern, and some of the decora- 

 tions on pipes of this character almost certainly are. While the pipe 

 appears to belong to the northern part of the continent, records point 

 to the cigarette and the cigar being of pre-Columbiau origin in the West 

 India Islands; the pipe being rarely if ever found below Yucatan. 



The pipe next to that of tubular form most widely distributed is the 

 bowl pipe, which consists merely of a bowl with a stem hole entering- 

 through the wall of the bowl, necessitating that whatever stem was 

 used should be held in position by lashings of leather bound around 

 stem and bowl while wet, which when dried by its contraction would 

 hold stem and bowl together as though made of a single piece. This 

 lorm, however, is also a modern one, and specimens are consequently 

 often difficult of determination as to age. This type, however, like the 

 tubular pii)e, consists usually of stone specimens bored both bowl and 

 stem by means of the solid drill point either of stone, or wood used with 

 dry sand. The size of the stem hole is usually about one-third the 

 diameter of that of the bowl. The exterior shapes of i)ipes of this type 

 vary from the simi)lest cube to the most complex animal form, the 

 exteriors at times being inlaid with metal or shell. It is in pipes of this 



