AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. ()29 



on the stem, even on those havint;' wood stems the marks of teeth are 

 not observable, though in these bird pipes the wear of teeth has been 

 noted. Pipes of this type iisnally have the bird or beast facing- from 

 the smoker. Some of the features of these pipes suggest a close rela- 

 tionship with pipes of the tubular shape. The localities , where this 

 pipe is found are in the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the extreme 

 western parts of West ^'irginia, ]S"orth and South Carolina, and northern 

 Georgia. 



The Knglish, French, and Dutch all molded clay pipes which were 

 used in the Indian trade until they came to be known as "trading" or 

 "trade pipes." It does not appear certain where these pipes were first 

 made, whether in England, France, or Holland, archaic specimens hav- 

 ing been found in each country. The typical Dutch type being repre- 

 sented in the U. S. National Museum in a specimen found in London 

 and the no less typical English form in a specimen from Holland. 

 French specimens of primitive English type are found having upon 

 their stems stamps showing the lilies of France. An early so-called 

 lioman type of clay pipe was found on the Susquehanna Kiver. Speci- 

 mens of these pipes have been found in Indian graves along the 

 Atlantic seaboard. Early in the colonial period trade pipes were used 

 as gifts to the Indians from the whites. At first they are mentioned 

 in small numbers, but later they are referred to in treaties by the gross. 



Another typical American pipe, though of foreign, probably English, 

 origin, was the metal tomahawk pipe, with a pii)e bowl upon one side 

 and a hatchet blade upon the other. The date of this pipe is not cer- 

 tainly known, but it was probably before the time of the American 

 lievolution. Specimens with a spear i^oint have been attributed to the 

 French and those with the rounded battle-ax blade probably belonged 

 to the Spanish. The tribes confederated in the different wars with 

 French and English, and Spanish have moved so far from their original 

 homes as to make it a matter of considerable difficulty to properly locate 

 the origin of the different forms of this pipe. Before leaving the sub- 

 ject of foreign-made jiipes it is well to mention the fact that j)ipes of 

 the trade type made of clay and of metal have been found in various 

 parts of Europe, and they have been alleged to be of great anticpiity, 

 though the weight of authority appears to be against attributing to 

 them an age prior to English settlements in America. 



The monitor pipe, so called from its resemblance to the war vessel 

 of that name, is found throughout the Atlantic seaboard from South 

 Carolina to the British possessions and from the Atlantic coast, as far 

 west as Kentucky and Tennessee, with rare specimens farther west, as 

 in Michigan and Missouri. As many of these pipes show upon their 

 surfaces file marks and a practical glass polish and from the drilling of 

 their bowls by means of metal drills, one is inclined to attribute to them 

 a post-European date, notwithstanding the fact that they clearly belong 

 to a typical mound tyi)e. The bowls of these in]}es, often show evi- 



