AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 631 



tioii preseutiug" i)ecaliarities of workmanship wliicli render tliem 

 readily distinguishable. These pipes with but slight doubt show that 

 their period is subsequent to the arrival of the French. The curved 

 clay pipes are usually of a hard burned pottery with fine tempering 

 material, molded in artistic forms, and at times the pottery itself 

 appears to be cut subsequent to burning. The sliapes of these pipes 

 suggest the hunting born, the grenadier's liat, vsacred pictures, etc. 

 The grenadier type is retained in the pipes of stalagma. In the bowl 

 type there appears to be a suggestion in several specimeusof the jump- 

 ing jack. In all three are i)eculiar depressions upon the surfaces 

 of specimens suggesting the possibility of their being intended for 

 inlaying. There are so many European characteristics in pipes of the 

 Iroquoian type as to leave scarcely a doubt of their deriving their 

 forms entirely from the French. The art concepts present both the 

 serious and grotesque in a manner more suggestive of the French than 

 of native American ideas. 



The word ••calumet," a synonym for the peace pipe, is said to be 

 derived from the Xorman Avord ••chalumeau,"'' a reed. The same word 

 is corrupted as "chalmy,"' a musical instrument of the time of (Jueen 

 Elizabeth. Calumet originally was emi)loyed to designate that pipe, 

 of whatsoever type, used between the whites and the Indians in their 

 negotiations of treaties and of commerce of every kind. The word 

 calumet, at present, however, may be said to indicate that pipe which 

 was probably the one given to the Jesuit Father Marquette in his first 

 trip down the Mississippi, namely, the red Siouan catlinite pipe, the 

 stone being a vermilion -colored indurated clay, quarried in the State of 

 Minnesota. The Siouan pipe has a high bowl, always rising at right 

 angles to the stem, and has a long i)rojection or prow on the opposite 

 side of the bowl from the stem. In the older specimens bowl and stem 

 holes are ai)proximately of the same size, about one-third of an inch in 

 diameter. The earlier specimens are smoothed and unornamented, 

 while the later ones are highly polished, and often inlaid with plates of 

 lead, and at times even have duplicate bowls. This type was originally 

 used by the French as a flag of truce, because accepted in Marquette's 

 trip down the Mississippi by affiliated tribes, who by its decorations 

 and tjpe probably recognized it as coming from friends; but it appears 

 even on that occasion to have been ignored by Indians visited on the 

 lower nnvt of the river. 



The English were probably the first to use as a flag of truce the col- 

 lar or belt of wampum, just as the French did the pipe. Later, because 

 of the want of a written language, both pipe and wampum belt seem to 

 have been commonly employed as a reminder of agreements entered 

 into between the Avhites and natives, a species of temporary ideograph, 

 which after having answered the full purpose of one treaty or contract 

 could later be used for another. The decorations of pipe and belt 

 appear to have been considered in sections or chapters, as it were, 



