AMERICAN ABORKilNAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 635 



ern. Wliilc the indurated clays and metamorpliic stones generally 

 work well by pecking' with the stone hammer or point, catlinite, which 

 there are indications was in the primitive period worked by pecking, 

 is at the ])resent time worked by sawing, which is readily done with 

 metal and sand. The drilling ol" this stone is comparatively simple 

 with a stick and dry sand, which, however, if wet, would pack in the 

 perforation besides swelling the wood point if one were used. Drilling 

 in curves like the sui)posed evidences of hardening of copper by the 

 ancients is a myth, and no evidence is known of its ever having been 

 done by primitive people through any mass of uniform hardness. 



While, as a matter of course, it is possible to make i)ipes and pass 

 them off as genuine and thus to deceive even exjjerts, it is believed 

 that such a thing could not be successfully accomplished except in rare 

 instances, and the writer has been surprised that in the mass of pipes 

 that have been examined by him so few show any evidence of being 

 frauds. On the other hand, the evidences of the use of the white man's 

 tools as well as art ideas are on so many types of pipes as to convey the 

 distinct impression of early colonial legitimate trade in stone objects. 

 That totemic figures better enhance values is self evident. Is it to be 

 assumed, then, that the voyagenr, trapper, or hunter would not with his 

 knife or file make pipes to supply such demand. It must also be 

 remembered that carving during the early colonial period was a mucli 

 more prevalent accomplishment than at ]>resent. 



It has been observed that quite a number of pipes have beeu referred 

 to upon which dates are scratched or cut, and while such specimens 

 will always be scrutinized with suspicion, the dates in the majority of 

 instances, it is contended, should be accepted as accurate, not neces- 

 sarily of the period of their manufacture, but rather of their first pos- 

 session by the wihte njan. 



As the data upon which the foregoing conclusions are based are 

 embodied almost completely in the foregoing pages, students of the 

 subject will, it is hoi)ed, be enabled to judge of their correctness. 



ADDITIONAL NOTES. 



During the prei)aration of this paper some notes were mislaid, others 

 were laid aside and not found until the pa])er was in the printer's hands, 

 and still others have come more recently to the writer's notice, making 

 together quite a number of references, some of which throw additional 

 light on the question under discussion, and it has consequently been con- 

 sidered desirable to embody them as succinctly as possible in a brief 

 series of additional notes. 



McCulloh, in the account of his captivity by the Indians, in Loudon's 

 exceedingly rare work, refers to a iieculiar method of burial employed 

 by the natives about 175(), which would appear very similar to the 

 burial method of the peo])le of the stone graves in Kentucky and 

 Tennessee. He says: "They dig the grave about 4 or 5 feet deep, 



