AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PIPES AND SMOKING CUSTOMS. 641 



thumbs. From tlie eud of the nail to the first joint makes six beads, 

 of wliich the white ones are worth a stiver or piece of coi)|)er money, 

 but the bhick or blue (mes are worth two stivers or a piece of silver." ' 

 He says these beads are cut of brown or white cockle, muscle, or oyster 

 shells.^ 



According to Georg Heinrich Loskiel the belts of wampum were reg- 

 ulated iu size according to the importance of the subject intended to be 

 discussed on the part of whites or Indians, and before they used the 

 string or belt of wampum the wing of a large bird was used in its place. 

 The belts and strings, he says, are employed to speak from and to 

 remind one of business transactions. This is still used, he says, by 

 those living west.'' 



The Swedes settled on the banks of the Delaware under Capt. 

 David Pieterseu De Tries in 1()31, where he arrived with two shii:)S. 

 " He returned again in 1632 and found the fields of his new colony 

 strewed with the bones of his countrymen. The arms of Holland, 

 emblazoned upon a piece of glittering tin, had been elevated upon a 

 pillar. An Indian stole it to make a tobacco box. The commandant 

 took offense; they quarreled; and the colonists were all butchered 

 while at work in the field." ^ 



A broken specimen of a pipe of the heavy animal and bird type (fig. 

 60), which is 4.^ inches high and made of steatite, collected by Dr. J. H. 

 Elder about 3 miles from Watkinsville, Georgia, the bowl of which is 2i 

 inches above the back of a bird, is an interesting specimen of the type, 

 in that incised lines are cut into the stone to represent conveutioual 

 wings of some bird, as we may distinguish by later specimens in 

 which the wings are represented by being carved in a low relief. The 

 head of the bird is represented also by incisions and, were it not for the 

 conventionalized wings, might as well be taken for that of a turtle. 

 Upon the side of the bowl a word or name, ai)parently Canonic or 

 Ganonic, is incised, and under it the date 1541. The lines of the name 

 appear as old as the incised lines, though the date is evidently recent. 

 This pipe is apparently an old specimen of the type. 



A finely ground specimen of serpentine, belonging to the type of 

 which fig. 108 is an example, collected by ]\Irs. Keeves of Sun Prairie, 

 Wisconsin, has been called to the writer's attention by Prof. W. H. 

 Holmes. The prong at the base has the unusual length of 4 inches 

 from the point to the bottom of the bowl. The stem and bowl appear 

 similar to the illustration, the hole of the stem being about one-eighth 

 of an inch in diameter. There is scarcely sufficient bowl remaining to 

 determine more than that its cavity has been made by means of a 



'Thomas Caiiipauiiis Holin, A Short Description of the Province of New Sweden, 

 now called by the English Pennsylvania, p. 1:^.2, translation, Philadelphia, 1834. 

 '^Ideni, p. 133. 



^Geschichte der Evaugelischen Hriider in Nordaineiika, JJarby.lTSO. 

 ^ Sherman Day, Historical Collections of the State of Peiinsyhania. p. !>. 

 NAT MIS 97 4L 



