864 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1897. 



of an inferior quality, and the pits continued until they reached the 

 best tiint in the chalk. The first surface of earth stratum was some 

 18 feet thick, which might account for the inability to make perpen- 

 dicular walls or i^its as at Spieunes. As at Spiennes, they drove hori- 

 zontal galleries into the chalk which here were about 3.J feet high. At 

 Spiennes, the digging tools were principally flint points (Plate 5, figs. 

 7,8,0) and flakes; here they were red deer horn, of which about 80 

 were found by Canon Green well (Plate (3). The points of these were 

 worn as picks, and the bases were battered by use as hammers. Canon 

 Greenwell says the marks orthe deer-horn picks made by digging were 

 yet plainly visible in the chalk. A hatchet of basalt had been thus 

 used and made its marks at Grimes Graves. The author saw corre- 

 sponding marks in the hard clay in the Etruscan tomb (del Colle Cas- 

 succina) at Chiusi, and made a drawing of them, represented in fig. 59, 

 which will serve as an illustration of those at Grimes Graves and else- 

 where. The deer-horn pick handles at Grimes Graves were worn 

 smooth by the hands of the workmen, as are pick handles at the present 

 day. The roof of one of the passages had caved during the absence 

 of the workmen, who had left their tools, two deer-horn picks, appar- 

 ently at the close of the day's work (Plate 6). Here they were found 

 by Canon Greenwell during his excavations, and the coating of chalk 

 dust on one of them retained the print of the man's hand. *'It was a 

 most imi)ressive sight," he said, "never to be forgotten, to look, after 

 a lapse of three thousand years or more, upon a piece of unfinished 

 work with the tools lying about as though the workmen had just gone 

 to dinner or quit work the night before." ^ 



Sir John Evans enumerates the various tools, implements, and debris 

 found in the fillings in the shafts and galleries and on the surface in 

 the immediate neighborhood; cores, chips, and flakes of flint, quartzite 

 and other pebbles used as hammers, hatchets, scrapers, borers, and 

 arrow and spear heads, some of them more or less rude, some broken, 

 and in all stages of progressive manufacture. 



Prof. W, Boyd Dawkius- says the surface was covered by innumer- 

 able splinters and implements in every stage of manufacture, from the 

 nodule spoilt by an unlucky blow to the article nearly finished and 

 accidently broken. There were as at Flint Ridge (Plate 13), little 

 heaps of small splinters which marked the places where the finer work 

 was carried on. In some of these the two halves of broken implements 

 were found Just as they had been tossed aside by the workman (Plate 

 11, fig. 7; Plate 14.) 



Cissbury, Sussex, England. — These are extensive flint mines worked, 

 as were the others, in ancient times. They were first investigated in 

 1869 by General Pitt-Rivers.^ His plan of the camp and mines is shown 



' Transactions of the Ethnological Society, 1870, p. 437. 

 2 Early Man in Britain, p. 279. 

 ''ArchiEologia, XLII, pp. 44, 54. 



