ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. fl49 



indeed, to Calitbruia, but were found tar in the interior. The llaz- 

 zard colleetion from the cliff ruins of Arizona and New Mexico, now in 

 the Archieological iMuseuni of the University of Pennsylvania, which 

 made such a memorable display at the World's Columbian Exposition 

 in ( 'hicago, contains a series of similar knives of tiint inserted in wooden 

 liandles from 4 to inches in length, of the same style and kind as the 

 California specimens in Plate 42. 



Forming part of the same series are eleven other specimens without 

 handles, but with the traces of bitumen on the base showing where a 

 handle had been attached. It should not be forgotten in considering 

 these implements that they come from a country which abounds in the 

 ordinary arrowpoints and spearheads of all kinds and sizes, some of 

 which show extremely fine chipping. 



There is still another series' (Plate 43) (juite different in form and 

 make, but to which the same remark applies. Some of them represent 

 the highest order of Hint chipping. They form Class C of the division 

 of leaf-shaped implements of the author's classification. They are long, 

 thin, and narrow, with a well-wrought base which may be square, con- 

 vex, or concave, while the point is sharp and symmetrical. The pecul- 

 iarity which determined their classification was the parallelism of their 

 edges throughout their length. An inspection of the specimens renders 

 it evident that they were never intended as arrowpoints or spearheads. 

 Their extreme thinness, together with the breakable character of the 

 flint of which they are made, would cause them to break in any shock 

 that might be given by throwing, lancing, or shooting. Those of the 

 series with convex bases are covered with asphaltnm or bitumen for 1 

 or 1.^ inches of the base. This is evidence of their insertion in a handle, 

 which, in view of the circumstances, and their association with the former 

 specimens, we can only conclude was short, and that the implement was 

 intended to be held in the hand and used as a knife or dagger. 



Flint or chert points similar in every way to arrowpoints, and inserted 

 in short antler handles, were found by Prof. F. W. Putnam and Dr. 

 C. L. Metz, in their excavations of the Mariott mound in the Little 

 Miami Valley, Ohio.- Ten or a dozen of these knife handles were 

 found, in one of which was inserted a bone instead of a stone blade. 



In the Swiss lake dwellings small polished stone hatchets or chisels 

 are frecjuently found inserted in short antler handles. Many of these 

 antlers were tenoned for insertion in a heavy wooden handle, evidently 

 for use in chopping, as an ax,' but many of the antler handles were 

 without tenons, and were evidently intended to be held in the hand 

 and used as knives or chisels and not as axes.^ 



Flint or chert arrowpoints, inserted in short wooden handles for use as 

 knives, are found in the ancient tombs of Peru. Sharpened and barbed 



' George M. Wheeler, United States Geographical Surveys West of the 100th Merid- 

 ian, VII, 1879, Archii'ology, pi. i. 



'Eighteenth and Nineteenth Aiimiai Reports of the Peahoily Museum, ISSt!. j). 157. 

 ■'De Mortillet, Musde Prehist(>rii|ii<', pi. XLVIII. 

 "•Idem., pi. Lii, lig. 487. 



