ARROWPOINTS, SPEARHEADS, AND KNIVES. 955 



country. One of those knives is represeuted in Plate ")(), fig. 1. It is 

 notbiug more than a sinootli tlake struck from a nucleus of Hint in such 

 \vay as to make or leave a natural edge sharp for use. ^^pecimens 

 similar to this in appearance and manufacture, and supposed to have 

 been made and used as knives, are found in great i)rofusion throughout 

 western iMirope, almost every excavation in a i)rehist()ric occupation 

 bringing these Hakes to light in greater or less number. The same 

 statement can be made in respect to America. Plate 57, figs. 1, 2, are 

 specimens of similar Hint tlakes from America, sup[)osed to have been 

 used as knives. Flakes of the same general character, but chipped 

 to a shaip edge, are found in both Europe and America and are also 

 supposed to have been used as knives, ^^'hethe^ they have been dulled 

 by use and the edge then restored by clii[)ping is unknown. It is known, 

 however, that the woiked tlakes, either primarily or secondarily chipped 

 to an edge, have been found in many of these places and that they are 

 generally accredited as knives. The other specimens on Plates 5*) and 

 57 are representatives of these worked tlakes. 



The subject of knives is not exhausted. It has not even l)een con- 

 sidered exce[)t as it involves arrowpoints or spearheads. 



X. WOUNDS BY ARROWPOINTS OR SPEARHEADS. 



J The author of the flannel du Chirurgien d'Armce declared that mili- 

 ' tary surgery had its origin in the treatment of wounds iutiicted by 

 arrows and spears, and in proof thereof he quoted from ancient classics ' 

 and cited Chiron and Machaon's ])atieiits, Menelaus and Philoctetes, 

 and Eurypyles treated by Patroclus, He believed the name "medicus'' 

 ' in the Greek anciently' signified " sagitta,'' an arrow,^ and declared that 

 I Hii)pocrates used a particular forceps, "beluhium," for extracting arrows, 

 t which his successor. Diodes, improved and called '' graphiscos."' ' lieras 

 of Cappadocia, in the wars of Augustus, invented the duck-bill forceps. 

 Celsus' taught the necessity of dilating the wound in. order to extract 

 the arrowhead, and Paulus -.^gineta-' treated arrow wounds in a pecul- 

 iarly successful manner. 



The author. Baron Percy, who thus showed his knowledge of classic 

 medical literature, supposed he had discovered the origin of surgery 

 and was dealing with the earliest wounds made by man with the 

 mwchinery of war. 



The discovery in the present century, of prehistoric man, and the 

 re])eated findings of his graves and cemeteries belonging to the Neo- 

 lithic and Bronze ages, and the thousands of skeletons tlierein, many 

 of them witli wounds and fractures — these things have <'omi)letely over- 



' lloiuer, Iliad, Book \I. 



- Sextns, Advcrs. Math., l.ook 1, cliap. 2. 



•Andrea d<'lla Croce, ]}ool< 7, ]). 17;!. \'tMiiie,, ir>7l. 



' Dc M.'dicina, Hook VII, chai,. W 



■ De re Medira. Hook \\. diaii. <SS. 



