17() REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1900. 



round stones into it until the contents are cooked. It has the consistency of mush, 

 and is (luite insipid. Wheat is now often substituted. It is toasted in a plaque with 

 live coals, then mortared out into flour and cooked as above. 



Other cakes are Mako, Malalkato, Bimu, named from constituents and methods 

 of preparing. Yuhu is a coarse, unpalatable cake made from acorns {Quercus 

 li'islizoti). 



All of the above except the wheaten cakes are of ancient origin. 



The ordinary aboriginal dress of a man was a skirt, Kauxi, of the bark of a willow 

 {Siiiix n'ujra), or of l)ulrush stems shredded. A mantle of skin, panther preferred, is 

 tied over the shoulders and belted at the waist. A thick chaplet of mountain laurel 

 covers the head. The woman has a deerskin mantle or chemise above and the 

 Kauxi below; the head is usually bare. She sits generally on a tule mat at her 

 work; the man kneels when drilling wampum, or at like labor. 



The pump drill was introduced into Ukiah Valley by a Spaniard in the early 

 seventies, and was carried into Potter Valley about the year 1876 by old blind 

 George, now living. The aboriginal tool was called Dawihai (da win, to bore, hai, a 

 stick), and was a straight shaft of wood, 2 feet long and half an inch in diameter at the 

 middle [twirled between the palms of the hands]. The drill point was of jasper or 

 flint, and fastened to the shaft by a lashing of hemp {Apocynum cannahinum), and 

 coated with pitch. Its origin is beyond tradition. 



STOCKTON DISTRICT. 



Early reports on the antiquities of California somewhat casualh'' 

 mention the occurrence of mounds in various parts of the State. 

 Later investigations have furnished definite knowledge of the shell 

 mounds and kitchen-middens along- the coast, and of the earthworks in 

 the interior valleys. Quite recentl}^ a new chapter has been added to 

 the history of al)original California as a result of researches among the 

 mounds of the great inland basins, including the valleys of the Sacra- 

 mento and San Joaquin rivers and the basins of Tulare Lake and Kern 

 River. These earthworks were erected by a much simpler and less 

 ambitious people than the mound-builders of the Mississippi Valley. 

 They are scattered over the low lands, mainly in the tule flats, where 

 annual inundations are or were common. They are not arranged in 

 any systematic order and show none of the specialization of form char- 

 acterizing the mounds of the east or of Mexico and Central America 

 on the south. They are roundish in outline and rarelv more than 10 

 or 12 feet in height, although a few are reported to reach 20 feet; the 

 profiles are gently rounded as a result of the crumbling nature of the 

 earth of which thej^ are composed (Plate 23 a), and the area covered is 

 often quite extensive. It appears that in the main they were erected 

 primarily for domiciliary purposes and as places of retreat in time of 

 overflow. They were also used as burial places, though probably not 

 originally erected for this purpose, and a few are literally filled with 

 human remains (Plate 23 h). 



The exceptional environment furnished l)y these interior valleys has 

 evidently given rise to a somewhat peculiar phase of local culture, 



