CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 325 



the white. '* I have seen." says the collector, "hundreds of specimens 

 of the white, scores of purple-]>rown. but the black is extremely rare, 

 and I have only seen the one specimen I have described in my whole 

 life" — and ho then had in his possession at least one of the specimens 

 more than tifty years. It is. I think, in this rarity of the purple and 

 black glazes that the explanation of the dictum above (juoted is to be 

 found, and probably they were unknown to its authors. The varieties 

 mentioned in the Ko-ku-y<«>-f(iti as inferior to the white do not include 

 these colors, and seem to result from impure clav or defective glaze. 



The same work (the Ko-kii-yao-lan) says that one of the signs of the 

 genuineness of this ware was the presence of marks on it like tears. 

 This probal)ly means granulations, for it is explained that these marks 

 were caused by the manner in which the enamel was thrown upon the 

 white paste. Specimens having ornamental designs engraved in the 

 paste were the best, though the plain or unornamented were also highly 

 esteemed: the second class consisted of such as had the ornamentation 

 worked into the enamel, and a third of such as had the decoration 

 printed or pressed upon them with a mold, the ornaments chiefly used 

 being the Chinese peon}" or Poaonia moutan, the hsuan-ts''ao or Ileniero- 

 calUxfidra. and the ^xmgfenghuang (Phoenix). In Hsiang Tzu-ching's 

 catalogue, however, eleven specimens, all undoubtedly of the finest 

 qualit}^ — six of the white glaze, four of the purple, and one of the 

 black — are described, into the ornamentation of no one of which enters 

 either of these so-called *' usual" patterns; the decoration in ever}' case 

 is in general character exactly similar to that found on the Juchow 

 ware already described. 



Tingchow ware was well imitated during the Yuan d3'^nasty (1260 to 

 1367) bv one P'eng Chiin-pao at Hochow, in Kiangnan province, and 

 later on ver}' successfully at Chingte-chen.^ His productions, known 

 as P'eng porcelain, after himself, and Ho porcelain, from the locality, 

 are described as "line in paste and white in color, looking ver}- nuich 

 like real Ting-yaoy 



lungch'uan. 



Lnngch'uan-yao (Lungch'.iian porcelain) was manufactured from the 

 earl}' part of the Sung dynasty (end of tenth or beginning of eleventh 

 century) in the district of that name, situated in the department of 

 Ch'iichow, Chehkiang province. The ornamentation was engraved 

 under the glaze, which was of various shades from the color of grass to 

 deep onion-green, sometimes crackled and sometimes not crackled: and 

 occasionally bands of foliate or scroll pattern are found of deeper tone 

 than the rest of the vessel. The biscuit, which was of tine clay, turned 

 brown when the absence of glaze had exposed it to the effect of heat 



'S. Julien, L'Histoire et la Fabrication de la Poroelaiiie Chinoise, pp. 21, 61. F. 

 Hirth, Ancieut Chinese Porcelain, pp. 13 d csr'/. 



