326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1900. 



during baking, though when covered by the glaze and in fractures it 

 remained white, and on the base or foot was a ferruginous ring. The 

 specimens which survive are mostl}^ coarse and thick, but as the best 

 examples were considered but little inferior to Kuan-yao, these prob- 

 ably represent only the rougher and inferior grades. In the designs no 

 little artistic merit is shown at times. One specimen which is described 

 by Hsiang Tzii-ching (and I have myself seen one exactly similar) 

 consists of a whorl of palm leaves surrounding a hollow stem to hold 

 tiowers. Another is "a sacrificial urn moulded in the form of a horn- 

 less rhinoceros, the body hollowed out to hold Avine, with a peaked 

 saddle on the back as cover, after a bronze design from the Po-ha-f'u 

 encyclopfedia," The author translated by M. Julien says that this 

 ware was subsequently successfully imitated at Chingte-chen, and that 

 the latter surpassed the originals in beauty. Doctor Hirth, however, 

 avers on the authority of native connoisseurs that the pui-e Lungch'iian 

 products can be distinguished from all imitations; first, because it is 

 a peculiarity of the clay used in the manufacture of the former alone 

 to turn brown or red on the surface when left exposed during baking, 

 while the biscuit remains white where covered; and, secondly, because, 

 owing to this peculiarity of the clay, the ferruginous ring on articles 

 of white porcelain manufactured elsewhere can only be produced by 

 artificially coloring the foot or base; an act which, of course, admits of 

 ready detection on the part of an experienced collector.^ 



KO-YAO OR CHANG-YAO. 



Subsequently, after the removal of the court southward in 1127, 

 according to an authority quoted in the Topography of the Chehkiang 

 province, the brothers Chang, natives of Ch'uchow, but having their 

 factory in the Lungch'iian district, gained a high reputation for their 

 porcelain. These brothers are known as Sheng-i, the elder-born, and 

 Sheng-erh, the second-born. The produce of the former's kiln was 

 called Ko-yao^ or elder-brother's porcelain, to distinguish it from that 

 manufactured by the younger Chang, which was termed Chang-yao or 

 CJmikj Lun(jch!-uanyao^ i. e., Lungch'iian porcelain made by Chang (the 

 younger). Both are celadon in color, though the elder brother's ware 

 appears to have been lighter in tint, and l)oth have the distinctive marks 

 of celadon, the red mouth or opening and ferruginous ring on the foot. 

 The niain difierence l)etween the two seems to have been that the Ko-yao 

 was crackled — so closely in the best specimens as to resemble the fish- 

 roe — ^whercas the CImng-yao was uncrackled. In other respects the 

 descriptions are curiously conflicting. The history of the Chingte- 

 chen factory says that Ko-yao was' extremely thin, while the Wu-ts'a- 

 tsu, a work of the Ming dynasty, speaks of it as the one kind of por- 



1 S. Julien, L'Histoire et la Fabrication de la Porcelaine Chinoise, p. 69. F. Hirth, 

 Ancient Chinese Porcelain, pp. 31 e( ser/. S. W. Bushell, Chinese Porcelain before 

 the Present Dynasty. Nos. 12, 16, 23, 25-27, 29, 32, 36, 67, 77. 



