CERAMIC ART IN CHINA. 327 



cehiiii of this opoch "of which it is not too difficult to obtain specimens, 

 owing- to its peculiar heaviness, which enaliles it to last long."' As 

 compared with the more ancient porcelain of Lungch'uan, the produc- 

 tions of the two Chang are described as ''smaller, more graceful in 

 shape, and showing greater delicacy of workmanship."^ 



CHilN-YAO. 



The C/mn-i/aowns a porcelain made from the early part of the Sung 

 dynasty, in the district of Chiinchow or sometimes wi-ongly correspond- 

 ing to the present district of Yii-chow, in the department of K'aifeng, 

 Honan province. It was sometimes molded in grotesque forms (as a 

 lamp formed of a hornless dragon with scaly body and four short legs, 

 the serpent-like head protruding with mouth open to receive the wick 

 and body hollowed into a receptacle for oil), but was usually modeled 

 after ancient bronzes and ornamented with scroll or floral patterns under 

 the glaze, which, according to Hsiang Tzu-ching. w^as either vermilion- 

 red or aubergine purple — the two most valuable colors — moonlight 

 white {c-/((N' de lune) or pale green, and sometimes marked with granida- 

 tions. The authorities quoted in the T^ao-shuo, or Treatise on Potteiy, 

 would lead one to believe that the best pieces had two or more colors 

 of glaze on the same vase. The higher quality, according to them, con- 

 sisted of pieces having a color red like cinnabar and green like onion 

 leaves and kingfisher's feathers, which is commonly called parrot-green, 

 and aubergine purple, or of pieces red like rouge, green like onion leaves 

 and kingfishers feathers, and purple like ink; these three colors being 

 intact and unchanged by baking. IVL Julien enumerates seven varie- 

 ties: (1) green or blue like plums: (2) purple-brown like the auberg- 

 ine; (3) red like the Pynm japon'ua; (4) pig's liver; (5) mule's lungs; 

 (6) mucus; (7) skA^-blue. But such differentiation appears erroneous, 

 for the Treatise on Pottery says: 



Pieces that have one or two numbers on the bottom as a trade-mark, and are of a 

 color resembling pig's liver — since the red, cVmg (celadon), and green colors got 

 mixed together like saliva hanging down through not ))eing sufhciently fired — are 

 not to l)e distinguished as different kinds; for such names as nuicus or pig's liver, 

 which are given to this class of porcelain, have been invented for fun's sake. Among 

 these porcelains those which have bottoms like the flower pots in which sword grass 

 is grown are considered the most excellent; the others, namely, those which have 

 ton-shaped censers, Ho-fang jugs, or Kuan-tzu, are all of a yellowish sandy paste, 

 for which reason they are not good in appearance.'' 



' S. Julien, L'Histoire et la Fabrication de la Porcelaine Chinoise, pp. xxvi, 70. 

 F. Hirth, Ancient Chinese Porcelain, pp. 31, et seq. S. W. Bushell, Chinese Porcelain 

 before the Present Dynasty, Xo. 11. 



^The translation followed is Doctor Hirth's, but the sense is better brought out by 

 Doctor Bushell's more correct rendering, which runs thus: "Among these porcelains 

 the flower pots and saucers for growing sword grass are the most beautiful , the others, 

 namely, the barrel seats, censers and boxes, square vases and jars with covers," etc. 

 (North China Herald, 12th May, 1888.) The words here rendered, "the flower 



