G16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



Murder is rare. Parental and filial love are quite strong, and the poor 

 are generally cared lor b}' their relations and friends. 



SURROUNDINGS. 



Outline and size of Territory, elevation, and tcater systems. — Keserva- 

 tion near the bead of Hood's Canal on Paget Sound in Washington Ter- 

 ritory, and at the mouth of the Skokoraish River. It is nearly square, 

 and comprises about 5,000 acres ; two-thirds of it but a few feet above 

 tide water, the other third mountainous and several hundred feet high. 

 The Skokomish is the only river which, coming from the north in the 

 Olympic range of mountains, flows east on the south side of the reser- 

 vation and north on the east side, when it empties into Hood's Canal. 

 There are several sloughs running from the river to the canal across the 

 reservation. 



Geological environment, hath stratigraphical and economic. — The strat- 

 igraphical environment lias not been thoroughly studied. Both lava 

 and granite evidently lie at the bottom ; the granite I think to be 

 the oldest. Since the granite, evidently there has been a long wash- 

 ing either by salt water or fresh, I do not know which, but presume it 

 was salt, as the upland is mostly a gravel-bed. As the sea then went 

 down, the river formed most of the soil good for cultivation. 



Economic condition. — The soil of about two lifths of the reservation 

 is black rich bottom land, very excellent for cultivation when cleared 

 of the timber which covered it. One-fifth of the land is swampy, and 

 1,800 acres, nearly two-fifths, is gravelly and covered with fir timber 

 and is almost useless except as timber land. 



Climate. — Chiefly a dry and wet season as in western Washington 

 and Oregon, but little snow and cold weather generally during the win- 

 ter, but a large amount of rain, which continues at intervals during the 

 summer. The spring is generally backward, as the Olympic Mountains, 

 some of which are snowcajjped during the summer, are but 20 miles 

 distant to the north Frosts in the fall, generally not early, coming from 

 the 1st to the 25th of October usually.* 



The following is a list of the mineral substances which are of prac- 

 tical value to them; they are, as far as I know, fourteen in number, be- 

 sides the soil for cultivation. 



I am indebted to Prof. T. Condon, of the Oregon State University, 

 for many of these named : 



Agate is used for arrow-heads ; basalt for the same and for hammers; 

 beach stones for anchors, hammers, sinkers in fishing, and for slinging 

 and tanning stones ; black mud of salt marshes for dyeing ; chalcedony 

 for arrow-heads; clay stones for pipes and rain stones; clay of a red 

 and a clay color for paints ; jasper for arrow-heads ; metamorphic stones 

 for axes and adzes; quartzite for hammers and whetstones ; sedimen- 



*Eell» on Twanaa, p. 61. 



