G24 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



and a little more in diameter, being conoidal. Sticks are driven into the 

 ground near together, bent over, covered with large leaves, as those of 

 the maple tree, and then covered with dirt. They are only intended for 

 one person at a time. 



Lar<je dwelUmj houses. — These are usually 25 or 30 feet wide by 40 

 or 50 long, though occasionally they are made 80 or 100 feet long. 

 They are each owned by one man, but intended for several families, 

 usually his friends and relations, who pay no rent. There is no floor. 

 The doors are either at each end or in the middle of one side, and in- 

 side the house there are small walls on each side of the entrance, similar 

 to that in the potlatch house, to guard against the wind. Ea(;h corner 

 is intended for one family, but sometimes more occupy it. On the in- 

 side, all around the building, there is abed [)latform about 3^ feet wide 

 and 2 leet high. A part of this is used for storing their effects. Under- 

 neath it, also, many things are kept. Below and in front of it is a low 

 seat about inches high and 3 feet wide, which is also sometimes used 

 as a place for sleeping. The fire is on the ground in front of this and 

 the smoke escapes by holes in the roof immediately over the fire and 

 about 7 feet above the ground. Sticks are placed in various posi- 

 tions where food, especially fish and clams, are hung to dry. This 

 class of houses is now used very little by theTwanas. 



JFlat roofed divelling-hoiises. — The sides of such houses are made both 

 of upright and horizontal boards, andthe roof is composed of two parts, 

 that made of split cedar boards or clap-boards, which generally have a 

 steep i)itch, and another part made of long boards. Such a house is in- 

 tended for onlj' one or two families, and the inside arrangement is very 

 similar to that of the large dwelling house. 



Mouse u'ith roof ichoUy on one side. — In this the roof is similar to that 

 of the last. This is said to have been anciently the almost universal 

 mode of building all jtermanent houses, and the boards for the roof were 

 hollowed out. This form of house is now seldom used. 



The Government houses. — These were built on the reservation for the 

 Twanas by the Government carpenter, the Indians having been in- 

 duced to use a part of their annuity money to purchase the lumber, and 

 are now the dwellings most in use. A number of the Klallani Indians 

 have also built similar structures for themselves. These houses are 

 mostly IC by 22 feet, with a shed kitchen 8 or 9 feet wide added on 

 one side. Inside they are generally divided into a bed-room, sitting- 

 room, and kitchen. Some of the rooms are pai)ered and are furnished 

 with beds, tables, chairs, benches, a cupboard, and a stove or two, and 

 a fe\v either have mats, a few rugs, or pieces of carpet on the floors. 

 They have also clocks, dishes, looking-glasses, etc., and in one there is 

 a bureau. 



The mat house. — These are made of mats, and of late some boards are 

 also used in their construction. They are intended as temporary houses 

 and are generally put up at fishing places during the summer. Inside, 



