INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 625 



the beds are laid around the side on boards a few inches from the ground. 

 The fire is in the middle ; most of the space overhead is occupied with 

 fish which are being dried. People and things are stowed where any 

 room can be found, and the whole atmosphere is filled with smoke. 



The half-eircle camp. — When traveling in stormy weather they often 

 place poles in the ground in the form of a semicircle to the windward 

 aud fasten mats to them, the whole standing so as to answer both as 

 wall and roof. Under this shelter they sleep. The fire is to the lee- 

 ward, which is open. 



Tents of cotton cloth are now often used in travelling, and sails are 

 also spread over poles so as to form a kind of low tent. 



Outbuildings. — These consist of barns, stables for horses, stables for 

 oxen when they are logging, cellars and caches for roots (chiefly pota- 

 toes), woodsheds, which are also rather scarce. They often take their 

 canoes into their large houses. These outhouses are all built after the 

 style of those of the whites, though not usually as substantial. None 

 of them were in use, as far as I know, before the coming of the whites. 

 Their houses were originally near the beach in small villages, but 

 arranged withno order. Those at Jamestown are now on one straight 

 street and those on the reservation on their farms. 



APPURTENANCES TO DWELLINGS. 



Boors. — These are opened or closed by sliding boards over the aper- 

 ture. At present all doors are made after the civilized style. Some- 

 times only mats are hung over the entrance. 



Fireplaces. — These are of five kinds, two of which are ancient and 

 three modern. (1) Anciently the Klallams, at least, dug a place about 

 a foot deep and 5 or 6 feet in diameter in some of (heir houses, heap- 

 ing up the dirt around the edge. There are none of these now in use. 

 (2) They build their fires on the ground without any preparation but 

 a smoke-hole. This is usually about 3 feet square aud often has a 

 cover which may be used when a severe rain occurs or the occupants 

 are absent. In the Government houses a hole is sometimes cut in the 

 floor about 3 feet square; the space from the ground to the floor filled 

 with earth, and perhaps the edges of the boards around the fire lined 

 with tin. In the flat-roofed houses a board or two is removed at one 

 end, or for the whole length, in order that the smoke may escape. A 

 board chimney is sometimes used, which is the connecting link between 

 the fire on the ground and our chimney. The hearth is of earth, the 

 sides simply of boards nailed up. Its peculiarities are its size and ma 

 terial. It is built large for two reasons: First, that the boards may not 

 take fire, and as an additional preventive sometimes an old piece of iron 

 is placed against the sides of the chimney. Second, that the occupants, 

 especially when sick, may lie inside the chimney near to the fire. 



A common-sized chimney of sticks and dirt is sometimes built similar 

 H. Mis. 600 40 



