626 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



to those of the whites in the new settlement. Another form from the 

 logging camps of the whites is a truncated pyramid jdaced so that the 

 base, wliich is about 5 feet square, hangs some 5 feet above the lire and 

 the smaller end passes through the roof. The draught through this is 

 sufticient. Such a chimney is placed near the center of the room, so 

 that occupants can gather around the fire. 



Material for building in all permanent buildings is of wood, and of late 

 years sawed boards are usually obtained. Barns are often sided with 

 split cedar boards from 3 to 5 feet long, called roof-boards, clap-boards, 

 or shakes. Formerly their large planks were split from cedar trees, and, 

 as cedar decays slowl}-, this is still in use in many places. The largest I 

 have seen were among the Klallams at Elkwa, and they were 2^ feet 

 wide and 40 long, and 3J wide and 20 long. These were split, and 

 afterwards trimmed by hewing. 



FURNITURE AND UTENSILS. 



Mats. — These are of seven kinds. Three kinds are made of cat-tail 

 rush. The plants are cut by the women in July arid August, dried in 

 the sun, and tied in bunches as large as can be comfortably carried. 

 When a woman finds that she has time to make mats she assorts her 

 rushes according to size into three lots. Of the largest rushes she makes 

 the largest mats, about 5 feet wide ; of rushes of medium length she 

 forms mats about 3 feet wide, and of the smaller stalks she weaves 

 mats about 2 feet wide. All these may be of any desired length. 

 The largest mats are used chiefly for lining wooden houses and in con- 

 structing mat houses. Those of medium size arc used at times for the 

 same purpose, for the half-circle camps, for beds, pillows, seats, table 

 covers, and as substitutes for umbrellas and oil-cloth, two layers form- 

 ing an almost complete protection from the rain. The narrowest mats, 

 usually from 3 to 4 feet long, are used mostly for cushions, as in canoes, 

 and for the paddlers to kneel on. These cat tail mats are thus made : 

 The ends of the rushes are first fastened together in the shape of the 

 mat, then strings made of the same material, shredded and twisted, are 

 jjassed transversely through these rushes, and about 2J inches apart. 

 This is done with a needle of hard wood 3 feet long, half an inch wide, 

 three-cornered, and witli an eye in one end, in which the string is placed. 

 After the string is passed through, a small piece of wood with a crease 

 in it, is pressed over the mjit where the strings are, to render it firm and 

 of good shape. Tiie edges of the mats are fastened by weaving the ends 

 of the transverse threads firmly together. 



Another mat is made and used in a manner similar to the medium, 

 sized cat-tail mat, but it is made from a round rush which usually 

 grows to a height only sufticient to make mats al)out 3 feet wide. 



>V rough mat is made from the inner bark of the cedar, si)lit into strii)s 

 half an inch Avide or tlicreabouts and woven together at right angles. 

 It is used chiefly to lay fish upon when they are cleaned. 



