INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 633 



me that ducks are cauglit with these spears at night by the light of a 

 fire kiudled in the back of the boat, which is generally occupied by two 

 men, one to use the spear and the other to paddle. Geese and fish are 

 also caught in the same way. Sometimes in foggy weather these In- 

 dians cover their canoes over with green boughs, among which they 

 hide, then they paddle quietly among the ducks and shoot them. 



Boies and arrows were formerly their only weapons of the projectile 

 class, but they have been almost entirely superseded by guns. The 

 shaft of the arrow is either cedar or iron-wood; of late many of the 

 heads are made of wire of about three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter 

 and 5 or 6 inches long. Chalcedony and basaltic rock were also used in 

 their manufacture, but stone arrow-heads are very scarce. The Indians 

 have a tradition that they were made by the wolf or panther while those 

 beasts were men, before being metamorphosed by Dokibatt. They 

 also say that when broken into small pieces and shot at men or animals 

 they are sure to cause death. This tradition, taken in connection with 

 those of Dokibatt, is about all that seems to point to the existence of 

 a race inhabiting this country previous to these Indians. 



Armor. — The only bodily protection against the missiles of enemies 

 of which I have heard is a kind of shirt made of dried buckskin cover- 

 ing the body. 



FISHING IMPLEMENTS. 



Spears and hooks. — Living as they do on Puget Sound, a great por- 

 tion of their ^ood has always been obtained from its water. The Klal- 

 lams practice nearly all the methods which the Twanas have for catching 

 fish, and also have some additional devices, as there are halibut, seal, 

 and whale living in the waters of the lower sound which are not found 

 in Hood's Canal. They have now adopted most of the methods prac- 

 ticed by the whites, especially the use of the hook and line. They buj' 

 hooks of European make, and also forge them from iron or steel. 

 They have fish-spears made with three prongs, and sometimes with 

 only two. The handles of such spears are usually of fir, it being both 

 strong and straight, and the prongs are of some hard wood, as maple 

 or iron. They are used for spearing flounders, crabs, salmon, and the 

 like, and bringing up fish eggs. When doing so one person paddles 

 while another uses the spear, and, because of long practice, they will 

 see a fish partly buried in the mud, and having seen one, they hardly 

 ever miss spearing it. There is a hook made of iron, but which is fast- 

 ened to a pole 15 or 20 feet long by a thong or two. The end of the 

 pole fits into a piece of wood which is fastened around the hook. By 

 means of the pole the hook is moved around in the water and hooked 

 into a fish, but when the fish is caught the pole is pulled out and the 

 strain is on the thongs. The double herring spear or rake is made of 

 wood, 15 or 20 feet long, with nails fastened into the lower end, usually 

 only on one side, making a single herring spear, but occasionally on 

 both sides. The nails are all sharpened. Another form of spear-head 



