634 ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



or native book is worked in inucli the same way as tlie last. It con- 

 sists of two spear-lieads, the sliarp point of each being of iron (formerly 

 bone was used). Tbis is fastened to two boues or pieces of bard wood 

 by strings covered witb pitch, and the whole is then fastened by strings 

 or thongs to poles whicli also fit into the books. 



There are several fishing implements used only by the Klallams, since 

 the prey they are designed to capture, viz, halibut, whale, and seal, 

 valuable for its furs, are not found in the Twana waters. One is a hali- 

 but hook made of a piece of bone and fastened by strings of cedar bark 

 to a piece of hemlock wood bent by steaming to the required shape. 



There is also a cod-fish hook. The head is of bone fastened with 

 bark to a piece of whalebone. The bait, which is often a small fish, is 

 slipped over the end; hence the necessity of a loop by which it is fast- 

 ened to the line. The lines used witb tbis book are often of fine root- 

 lets of the kelp, which when dry are brittle, but when wet are very 

 strong. 



These lines are used for various kinds of fishing by the Klallams, 

 but are not used by the Twanas, as the kelp does not grow in their 

 waters. Another, used for seal and whales, has a steel head which 

 fits over a wooden handle to which it is fastened by thongs. The 

 lower Klallams alone know the process of catching seal, and they 

 have to go to the Makab waters for tbis purpose. 



Traps and nets. — A way of taking salmon iu rivers is to build a 

 trap across the river. A number of small sticks three-fourths of an 

 inch in diameter and Gi feet long are fastened together 2 inches apart. 

 Long sticks are jdaced across the stream and secured by braces. The 

 small sticks or weir are placed so as to lean against these larger ones, 

 the upper end slanting down-stream and tied to the poles; while for 

 additional security the gravel of the bed of the river is shoveled on 

 around the bottom of them. The weir prevents the fish from ascending 

 the stream. Nets are then provided, about C feet broad and 2 feet deep, 

 made of strings and secured to a rim of wood. Native strings of this 

 sort are made of nettle or alder bark twisted, but American twine is 

 now often used. During the day-time these nets are pulled up, but let 

 down at night, when the fish are running, one man watching each net. 

 The fish striving to ascend get into these nets, and their presence is im- 

 mediately known by the moving of the string. The net is then pulled 

 uj), the (Jsb killed with a club and laid on a platform. These clubs are 

 often common sticks, but are sometimes fancifully carved. There are 

 usually four nets let down at once to form the trap. Another trap is 

 made in a similar way as regards the weir, but otherwise diifering 

 across the stream. Up-stream from the weir several pens are built, in 

 which doors are made V sbai)ed, opening from below. Tlie fish easily 

 enter this, but, unable to find the way out, are speared. 



Salmon in the salt water are also taken witb seines, either bought or 

 made by the Indians. In making them they wind the twine on a frame 



