INDIANS OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY, 641 



The quickest trip I ever made iu one of their canoes was 30 miles in 

 five hours, before a strong wind, and with two sails a part of the time. 

 But at last the wind was so strong we only dared to have one sail. At 

 this time I had a good canoe and experienced navigators, or it would 

 not have been safe. Few of the Twauas would have dared sail in such 

 a wind. 



In addition to the tamanous for wind, mentioned iu the account of 

 former trips, they would, especially iu a calm, when they wished for 

 a fair wind, pound on the canoe with their paddles or strike the water 

 with them, spattering it forward. They also whistled for wind. 



Canoes. — These are dag-outs made from cedar trees. In making them 

 they formerly burnt them out, and finished them with the hand adzes 

 of stone, but now they universally use American axes and adzes for the 

 first part of the work and the hand adzes of rasp for the second part, 

 although the finishing touch is put on sometimes with the curved knife. 

 After this they are steamed, spread apart at the sides, and fastened 

 with round cross-pieces or thwarts about an inch and a quarter in 

 diameter. Holes bored through the ends of the cross-pieces and the 

 sides of the canoe admit ropes of cedar which keep the cross-pieces in 

 position. A rim or gunwale is often made for the upper edge of the 

 canoe, about an inch in diameter, which can be replaced when worn 

 out. Those in use are of three kinds. Large canoes, which are made 

 chiefly by the Indians of British Columbia, and imported, are used 

 very extensively by all the Indians on Paget Sound for carrying large 

 loads and for dangerous travelling. 



One that I saw was 35 feet long, 5 feet wide in the center, with a per- 

 pendicular height from the ground of 3 feet at one point, 2 feet 3 inches 

 at another, 1 foot 10^ inches at another, and 4 feet 1 inch at the end. 

 There were two places for masts, and a seat for the one who steers. The 

 head of this kind of a canoe is a separate piece of wood. Such vessels 

 are made both larger and smaller than this one, the largest I have 

 known being the one exhibited at the Centennial Exhibition, which is 

 60 feet long and 8 feet wide. None as large as these are, however, owned 

 by these Indians, but a few of the Klallams have some very large ones 

 for whaling. The smallest I have seen was about 10 feet long. 



Shovel canoes. — These are very scarce, even among the Twanas, and 

 I have seen none of them among the Klallams. They are used in much 

 the same manner as the next kind. 



Small canoes. — These are very common, are made by both tribes en- 

 tirely of one piece of wood, except that some have the movable rim 

 mentioned, and are used for fishing, river travel, and even for going on 

 the sound when it is calm and they wish to take only a small load, I 

 have travelled 30 miles in this kind on the salt water, but we seldom 

 venture far from shore. 



Very few of these Indians own any skiffs or boats of American make, 

 as their canoes are much lighter and easier for them to handle, and be- 

 H. Mis. 600 41 



