642 ANTllKOrOLOGICAL PAPERS. 



iug accustomed to tbem from infancy they fear uo danger, although a 

 white person entering a small one for the first time is apt to be upset, 

 and they have uo keels. 



Sometimes two of the large ones are fastened together side by side 

 and covered with boards in order to carry a large amount of hay or 

 ferry a horse for a long distance on the sound, but not for crossing- 

 rivers, as there are none in the country so wide that a horse can not 

 swim across. 



Poles. — In travelling against a strong wind, especially around points 

 of land near shore where the water is shallow, or where ascending a 

 swift shallow river, poles about 12 or 15 feet are often used very ef- 

 lectively for pushing; generally they are poles connected with the sail. 



Puddles. — The most common form in use is a man's i)addle and the 

 woman's paddle, a little shorter in the blade and about an inch wider, 

 as the stroke of the men is deep and long, and that of the women 

 quick and more superficial. These are generally made of maple, but 

 occasionally of yew. 



The river paddle which is made by the Ohehalis Indians and occa- 

 sionally by the Twauas has the advantage that in rivers where logs are 

 numerous the end fits onto the log and enables the rower to push the 

 canoe where he can not paddle it. 



Oars. — They knew nothing of these until the whites came. Row- 

 locks of either wood or iron are now fitted into most of the large canoes 

 so that oars can be used, but paddles are also used in connection. In 

 dangerous waters they lay aside the oars and use the paddles entirely. 

 They often make oars of fir, sometimes of cedar, and sometimes purchase 

 them made of hard wood. The small canoes are propelled exclusively 

 with paddles. 



Sails. — These are used with the larger sized canoes, and the largest 

 often have two. Formerly the cedar-bark mats were used, but these 

 have now entirely gone out of date, and those of cloth fastened and 

 fashioned in shape and style by the American skiff sails have taken 

 their i)lace. Many sails are made entirely of Hour sacks. 



Rudders. — Very few canoes have rudders fitted to them according 

 to the American style. Most Indians prefer the old way of steering 

 with the paddle, for they can steer and i)addle at the same time, and 

 the shape of the stern of a canoe is not well adapted to a rudder. Usu- 

 ally the best paddle is used for this purpose. Formerly, wben slaves 

 were owned, it was the business of one of them to steer, for when the 

 wind was fair the others could rest while he was compelled to remain 

 at his post. Otherwise I have not been able to learn that there is or 

 was any place of distinction observed by i)addlers. Now thesteerer is 

 selected according to circumstances. If the water is rough and the 

 paddling easy, the strongest person and best navigator steers, but if 

 the rowing is hard the strongest persons are put at this work. 



Anchors. — Those were formerly made of stone, but now some kind of 



