394 BOTANY. 



intussusception, and he gives as an illustration the pollen grains of 

 Cobcea scandens, where the spiny outer wall is formed earlier than the 

 inner wall. Karl Eichter shows that the cell walls of fungi are formed 

 of cellulose proper, rather than of what is called fungus cellulose, since 

 on treating with potash they give the reactions of cellulose. Yesque, in 

 the Annales des Sciences, gives an account of some i^eculiar cellulose 

 formations. 



An important paper by Schwendener on the Structure and Mechanism 

 of Stomata was published in the Proceedings of the Berlin Academy, in 

 which the hinge-like action of the closing cells dependent on the posi- 

 tion of the thickenings of their walls in certain positions was explained. 

 Pringsheim's Jahrbiicher contains two elaborately illustrated anatomical 

 liapers ; one by Ambronn on the Development and Mechanical Properties of 

 CoUenchyma, and one by Haberlandt on the Comparative Anatomy of the 

 \ssimilating Portion of Plants ; also a paper by "Westermaier on the In- 

 tensity of Growth of the Scheitel-cell and its Earliest Divisions, to which 

 there is a reply by Goebel in the Botanische Zeitung. The Annales 

 des Sciences for the present year is almost wholly devoted to articles 

 relating to vegetable anatomy, several of which are copiously illustrated, 

 the principal papers being those of Olivier on rAp^jariel tegumentaire des 

 racineSj of Gerard on le Passage de la racine a la tige, and of Guignard on 

 Emhryogenie vegetale comparee. 



The Journal of Botany contains a paper, by Vines, on the History of 

 the Scorpioid Cyme, and by Dickson on the Morphology of the Pitcher 

 of Cephalotus follicularis, in which he differs from Hooker in regarding 

 the pitchers as formed from the upper part of the leaves rather than as 

 special structures developed on the prolonged midribs. There is also 

 a paper, by Eichler, on the pitchers of Cephalotus follicularis in the 

 Jahrbuch of the Eoyal Botanic Garden of Berlin. 



The vegetative organs of Monotropa hypopitys have been studied by 

 Kamienski, who found no hanstoria, and concluded that the plant is not 

 a parasite, but a saprophyte, and he states that a mycelium is always 

 found in the ground about the Monotropa roots, and that the nourish- 

 ment of the roots may, perhaps, deijend on the action of the mycelium on 

 plants around. In a paper on the Weibliche Bliithen der Coniferen, 

 Eichler states his belief that the ovule of Coniferoe, or, as it may be 

 called, macrosporangium, like the corresponding organ in the higher 

 cryptogams, is of the nature x)f an emergence, and may arise either 

 from a leaf or an axis. 



An important work, by Hermann Mueller, on the relations of plants 

 to insects, is Alpenhlumen, ihre Befruchtung durch Insekten nnd ihre An- 

 passungen an dieselben. The work is divided into four parts, of which 

 the second and third are especially valuable to botanists, as they con- 

 tain detailed, and in many cases illustrated, accounts of the arrange- 

 ments for cross-fertilization in a large number of species. Fertilization 

 in Rhexia virginica is described and figured in the Torrey Bulletin, by 



