BOTANY. 395 



W. H. Leggett. William Trelease has, iu the same journal, two papers 

 on Fertilization of Hcropliiilaria and Perforation of Floicers. Trelease has 

 also two papers in the American Naturalist on Fertilization of Calamintha 

 Nepeta and on the Fertilization of Salvia splenclens by Birds. Dr. W. P. 

 Wilson, in the Tubingen Laboratory, has made a study of the Caune of the 

 Excretion of Water on the Surface of N'ectaries, and finds that it is caused 

 by osmosis, and not by pressure from within the cells, as is shown by the 

 experiment of thoroughly drying the surface of nectaries with filter 

 paper, when the flow of nectar ceases until the surface is again touched 

 with some substance which favors an osmotic flow. The foliar Nectar 

 Glands of Populus are described and figured by Trelease, in the Botanical 

 Gazette for November, where he makes some suggestive remarks on the 

 origin of such glands and their relative frequency in living and fossil 

 species of poplar. 



Some important text-books relating to vegetable anatomy and physi- 

 ology have appeared during the year. The most important is the 

 Pfianzenphysiologie of Professor PfefPer, of Tubingen, of which two parts 

 have appeared, covering respectively 383 and 484: pages, and illustrated 

 by a small number of wood-cuts. The first part relates to the subject of 

 Stoffwechsel and the second to Kraftwechsel. The Elemente der Anatomie 

 und Physiologie der Pflanzen of Professor Wiesner, of Vienna, is a vol- 

 ume of 272 pages, with numerous good wood-cuts, and embodies the 

 substance of his class lectures on these subjects, and other botanical 

 subjects will be treated in subsequent volumes. Strasburger's Zellbil- 

 dung und Zelltheilung has reached a third edition, in which is embodied 

 the latest results of the very numerous investigations made with regard 

 to the cell structure in the last few years. The German translation by 

 Dr. Carl Miiller from the Danish of Botanische MiJcrochemie, by Dr. V. 

 A. Poulsen, places that convenient little book within the reach of 

 botanical teachers. 



BACTERIA. 



* 



A very large number of papers has appeared on bacteria and their 

 relation to disease, most of which have treated the subject from a medical 

 point of view, and only an unusually small number has been devoted 

 to the botanical aspects of the subject. The two largest and most com- 

 plete publications are Aetiologie der Infectionslranlheiten, with special 

 reference to the fungus theory, an octavo volume of over four hundred 

 pages and several charts, comprising 15 papers read before the Medi- 

 cal Society of Munich in 1880. The other work, Mittheilungen aus dcni 

 Tiaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte, published in Berlin under the direction of 

 Dr. Struch, is a quarto volume of 400 pages, with 14 lithographic 

 plates, and contains 14 articles relating to the action of pathogenic 

 organisms, means of disinfection, «S:c. As a rule, the physicians of 

 Munich are adherents of Naegcli, who regards the different so-called 

 pathogenic forms not as distinct species, but rather as modifications of 

 the same species, or of a few distinct species which produce different 



