410 ZOOLOGY. 



because of the existence or non-existence of special forms in a given hori 

 zon. Contemporaneous with the peculiar types of the present epoch in 

 the surface waters are forms of a more ancient type in the depths of the 

 ocean which have continued with slight and only specific modifications 

 from the secondary epoch. 



Explot-ation during the year by the dredge, &c., has been prosecuted by 

 the Italian and French Governments, and to some extent by the United 

 States Fish Commission. An Italian expedition was equipped for the 

 investigation of the Mediterranean with Captain Magnaghi as com- 

 mander, he also assuming the physical investigations, while Prof. Enrico 

 H. Giglioli, the well-known naturalist of Florence, took charge of the 

 biological work. The last previous deep-sea exploration of that sea 

 had been conducted by the British vessel Porcupine in the year 1870. 



The means for education and investigation in the form of sea-side 

 laboratories have also been increased. Those which in this country 

 have been especially justified by their works are that of the United 

 States Fish Commission, at Wood's HoU, Mass., and that of the Johns 

 Hopkins University, at Beaufort, IS". C, under the directorship of Dr. 

 J. K. Brooks. In France a new laboratory has been constructed under 

 the direction of the eminent biologist de Lacaze-Duthiers, at Port Ven- 

 dres, on the Mediterranean, the municipal authorities thereof having 

 secured it by providing a building and boat as well as a capital sum of 

 32,000 francs, and in addition an income of 750 francs per annum.^ 



A partial bibliography of noteworthy memoirs and works relating to 

 diflerent chxsses of animals is supplied in the present article, and will, 

 it is hoped, prove to be of use to those to whom the voluminous bibli- 

 ographies and records of progress in science are inaccessible. It has 

 been a diilicult matter to select the titles which might be most advan- 

 tageously introduced in a limited report like the present. Articles of 

 a general interest or of special importance as contributing to throw light 

 on the affinities of certain groups have been given the first place. ISTeces- 

 sarily many very important papers have not been referred to and very 

 few descriptive of species have been admitted and only when unusual 

 interest attaches to the new species or the groups which they enlarge. 



The compiler desires to make special acknowledgment for most mate- 

 rial assistance to the Zoolof/ischer Anzeiger of Professor Cams and to 

 the Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, whose abstracts of in- 

 vestigations have been freely drawn upon in the preparation of those 

 for the present report. The Zoologischer Anzeiger is so useful to every 

 working naturalist that it is a matter of deep regret that an index of 

 the authors whose articles are catalogued as well as subjects treated 

 in those articles is not given with the close of each volume. The want 

 of such an index greatly lessens the value of the work for constant use 

 and hours may be consumed in finding a reference remembered as to 

 existence but whose exact place is forgotten. 



