452 ZOOLOGY. 



unaltered from the earliest times to the present; (2) they were hexa- 

 pods; (3) they were all lower Reterometdbola ; (4) nearly all are syn- 

 thetic types of a comj)aratively narrow range; (5) nearly all exhibit 

 marks of affinity to the carboniferous Palaeodictyoptera, but (6) they 

 often manifest wore complicated structure than mostPalfeodictyoptera; 

 (7) they mostly bear little special relation to carboniferous forms, and 

 have a distinct facies of their own; (8) they were "of great size, had 

 membranous wings, and were probably aquatic in early life"; (9) some 

 were precursors of existing forms, while others became extinct; (10) 

 they flourished under a remarkable variety of structure; (11) they dif- 

 fered " remarkably from all other known types, ancient or modern, and 

 some of them appear to be even more comi)licated than their nearest 

 living allies"; (12) they show no more evidenee of primitive type than 

 the carboniferous insects; and (13) "while there are some forms which 

 to some degree bear out expectations based on the general derivation 

 hypothesis of structural development, there are quite as many which 

 are altogether unexi)ected, and cannot be explained by that theory 

 without invoking suppositions for which no facts can at present be 

 adduced." 



Some of these conclusions (4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12) coincide quite well with 

 those derivable from the survey of other classes of the animal kingdom, 

 '€. g., fishes, so far as they are Icnown, but the deductions probably some- 

 times rather represent the imperfection of the geological record than 

 the fiicts as they were, and several of the conclusions {e. g., 8, 11) are 

 perhaps rather too sweeping. But whatever may have been the facts, 

 the studies of Mr. Scudder have materially increased our knowledge of 

 the palaeozoic faunas, and his deductions are especially interesting for 

 comparison with other classes of the organic kingdoms of nature. (A. 

 J. S. (3), XXr, 111-117.) 



MOLLUSKS. 



GENERAL WORKS. 



Systematic works. 



Fischer (Paul). Manuel de Conchyliologie ou Histoire Naturelle des MoUusqes vivants 

 et fossUes. 1,-3. Fasc. Paris, Savy, 1881. (8 vo.) 



Martens (Ed. von). Couchologisclie Mittbeilungen, als Fortsetzung der Novitates 

 concliologiciB. Kasscl, Th. Fischer, 1881. (8vo. Bd. I, viii, 101 pp., 18 Taf. M. 

 22. Bd^ II, Heft. 1, 2, pp. 103-128., Taf. 21-24. M. 8.) 



Martini und Chemnitz (Systematisches Conchylieu-Cabinet von) Neue reich vermehrte 

 ausgabe [etc.], fortgesetzt von Dr. W. Kobelt und H. C. Wcinkauff. 300-313. Lief. 

 Iviz: (300:) Cypra^a, pp. 81-104, Taf. 25-30. (301:) Buccinidaj, von W. Kobelt, 

 pp. 1-24, Taf. 71-76. (302:) Mactra, pp. 37-52. Rissoina, pp. 41-48, Taf. 13-18. 

 (303:) Cypraia, pp. 105-128, Taf. 31-86. Rissoina, pp. 49-56. (304:) Helix, pp. 

 595-610, Taf. 173-177. (305:) Mactra, pp. 53-68, Taf. 19-24. (306:) Cypra;a, pp. 

 129-152, Tab. 3774I+A. (307:) Crassatella, pp. 1-16, Tab. 1-6. (308:) Cypraea, 

 pp. 153-184, Tab. 42-47. (S09:) Caiiccllaria, pp. 1-16, 5 Taf. (310:) Bucciuumj 

 pp. 25-40, Taf. 77-82. (311:) Navicclla, pp. 1-32, 6 Taf. (312:) Rissoina, pp. 57-80, 

 Taf. 13-15, 15a-15c. (313 :) Die Gattuugcu Cypnoa und Ovula, pp. 185-230, Tab, 

 48-53.] I^Urnbcrg, Bauer u, Raspe, 1881. (4to. M. 9, each.) 



