ZOOLOGY. 477 



beak-like snout, and at least most of them die and never return to the 

 sea. These five species enjoj vernacular names, and are known as fol- 

 lows : 



(1.) Oncorhynchus chouicha or quinnat. — Ohouicha, king salmon, 

 e'quinna, saw-kwey, Chinook salmon, Columbia Eiver salmon, Sacra- 

 mento salmon, tyee salmon, Monterey salmon, deep-water salmon, 

 spring salmon, ek-ul-ba ("ekewan"), (fall run). 



(2.) Oncorhynchufi nerlxa. — Blue-back. — Krasnaya ryba, Alaska, red- 

 fish, Idaho red-fish, sukkegh, Frazer's Eiver salmon, roseal, oo-chooy-ha. 



(3.) Oncorhynchus Icisutch. — Silver salmon. — Kisutch, winter salmon, 

 hoopid, skowitz, coho, bielaya ryba, o-o-wun. 



(4.) Oncorhynchus keta. — Dog salmon. — Kayko, lekai, ktlawhj", qua- 

 lock, fall salmon, o le-a-rah. The males of all species in the fall are 

 usually known as dog salmon, or fall salmon. 



(5.) Oncorhynchus gorhuscha. — Hump-back. — Gorbuscha, haddo, hone, 

 holia, lost salmon, Puget Sound salmon, dog salmon (of Alaska.)* 



Of these species the quinnat is the one that is most generally known, 

 and is the largest and finest of all, deserving the name of king salmon 

 which has been given to it in some places. This species occurs farther 

 south than its congeners, and enters into the Ventura Eiver, which is 

 the southernmost stream of California not muddy and alkaline at its 

 mouth. 



The 0. nerl'a or blue-back is the most abundant species in Frazer's 

 Eiver, and is the famous red-fish of Idaho. 



The hlind fishes and congeners. 



The well known and remarkable blind fish of the Mammoth Cave of 

 Kentucky is the representative of a peculiar family, limited, so far as 

 has been ascertained, to the Middle and Southern United States, and 

 known by the name of Amhlyopsids or Heteropygii. The forms are re- 

 lated, but distantly, to the cyprinodontids, and are distinguished by the 

 position of the anus under the throat, the very small scales of the body 

 and the scaleless head. Much interest attaches to the family for various 

 reasons, and it has indeed been regarded as a keystone to the theory of 

 evolution on the one hand, or specific creation on the other, Professor 

 Agassiz having especially insisted upon the value ol the study of the 

 type with reference to this question. We are indebted to Mr. P. W. Put- 

 nam for a revision of the family, and for good descriptions of the genera 

 and species. By him four species were recognized belonging to three 

 genera, namely, (1 ) Amhlyopsis, with the large blind fish of the Mam- 

 moth Cave; (2) Typhlichthys,v,^it]i asmallerblind fish inhabiting subter- 

 ranean streams of Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, and coexisting 

 with the large blind fish in the Mammoth Cave; and (3) Chologaster, with 



* Observations on the Salmon of tlie Pacific by David S. Jordan and Charles IT. 

 Gilbert. (Am. Nat., v. 15, pp. 177-186.) 



