500 V ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Through causes now under investigation the human family has become 

 differentiated anatomically, and these variations have been more or less 

 fixed and intensified by social and national prejudices, until there have 

 arisen races of men. The description of mankind, race by race, may be 

 called Ethnography. All discussions concerning race and the causes 

 leading to race distinctions should be named Ethnology. 



Among the characteristics of these diversities of man the most trench, 

 ant, useful, and prominent is language. The investigations respecting 

 the origin and the diversity of languages we name Gl ossology, though 

 the terms Linguistics and Comparative Philology, have some 

 claims to preeminence in the matter. 



Next to the speaking tongue comes the cunning hand. Indeed, the 

 footprints of civilization during its toilsome march may be traced better 

 through handicraft in the various human occupations than in any other 

 way. To this study Klemm gave the name CuUurgeschichte^ but the 

 title preferred here is Comparative Technology. 



For regulating the i)ropagation of the species, the care of the young 

 the division of labor, and for mutual protection there exist everywhere 

 (1) traditional or written codes, (2) manners and customs, and (3) instru- 

 mentalities. For the investigation of these matters the term Sociology 

 is used. 



All races of men have beliefs, practices, and organizations with refer- 

 ence to a world of spirits. To call the study of these things compara- 

 tive religion would be misleading. For, in the first place, the word im- 

 plies action rather than study, and, in the second place, it is commonly 

 understood to refer only to the higher forms of worship. Various terms 

 have been suggested, as comparative mythology, spiritology, pneumatol- 

 ogy, philosophy, daimonology, «&c. Although the term " daimonology"' 

 was used in the last summary, in order to call forth the opinions of 

 those competent to judge, the word Pneuimatology is here employed 

 with some reserve for the same purpose. 



The human race, like all other groups of living beings, is surrounded 

 and transfused by the laws of the material environment. As the bottle 

 is the joint product of the breath of the glass-blower and the mold, so 

 are the tribes of men the result of their own inherent vitality and the 

 environment. The behavior of living beings in the presence of their en- 

 vironment Mr. Mivart has called Hexicology, for which the more properly- 

 constructed and more euphonious term Hexiology will here be em- 

 ployed. 



Finally, anthropology, like every other honest craft, must have its 

 tools and its workshops, viz, its museums, libraries, societies, journals, 

 and implements, and its encyclopedic works. For all these the term 

 Instrumentalities of Research will be used. The scheme, therefore, 

 stands : 



1. Anthropogeny. 



2. Archaeology. 



3. Biology of man. 



