504 ANTHROPOLOGY. 



Italy, has almost languished among us. Exception must be made in 

 favor of those surgeons who have, in tbeir medical college courses, in- 

 troduced higher studies, and those geologists who sought to complete 

 their investigations by including the highest member of the vertebrate 

 branch. A further exception in favor of special laboratory work should 

 be made in favor of the cranial measurements prosecuted at the Pea- 

 body Museum, by Mr. Lucien Carr, and at the Army Medical IMuseum, 

 ■Washington, by Mr. Parker, under the dii^ection of the late Dr. Otis. 

 The last-named institution published the second volume of its great 

 index-catalogue of medical literature, which includes many titles on the 

 biology of man. Dr. Billings and Dr. Fletcher continue the editing 

 of the Index Medicus, a monthly, devoted to the cataloguing of periodi- 

 cal medical litera ture. 



IV. — PSYCnOLOGY OR PHRENOLOGY. 



As interpreted by Professor Huxley, biology includes thinking and the 

 emotions, as well as mere animal and vegetable life. As long, however, 

 as we separate the two things for the subject of investigation, it is 

 necessary to distinguish them by proper names. The term "psychology'' 

 lias become somewhat popular, but, as expressiug an inductive science 

 of mind or intelligence, is less appro|)riate than the term "phrenology." 

 The objection to the use of the latter word is that it was formed and 

 first employed by Dr. Gall to express a theory of mind and character 

 based on the observation of the external form of the skull, and that it 

 has ever since been thus exclusively applied. This sj'stem, however, 

 by reason of its immature and faulty inductions, has so far fallen out of 

 use and sight by the scientific explorer in the field of mind, that it may 

 be regarded as obsolescent, if it is not indeed extinct. To suffer the 

 name, which would naturally have been selected for the latter science, 

 to perish with the earlier and abandoned scaffolding, would seem to 

 be unnecessary and unwise. The term " biologize," applied by a class 

 of peripatetic exhibitors to express their manipulations, has not pre- 

 vented "biology" from being completely redeemed. Indeed the analo- 

 gous term " psycologize " has had a similar career; nor has the previous 

 use of "anthropology," in a theologic sense, debarred its emi)loyment 

 to comprehend the entire study of the natural history of man. Is there 

 any good reason, therefore, why an effort should not be made to rescue 

 the abused but expressive term "phrenology" from its impending fate 

 for service in a broader and sounder department of investigation? 



The phrenology or psychology of man may be and is considered from 

 various points of view. James and Eomanes approach the subject from 

 the side of the reasoning powers of animals. Spitzka and Yariguy 

 would reconstruct a phrenology upon the results of cranio- cerebral to- 

 pography. Preyer and Wyma watch the unfolding of the infant mind. 

 Mason observes the mental condition and changes of savages in the 

 presence of higher civdization. Professor Porter seeks to discover in- 



