586 MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY. 



(female adult) was nearly perfect; forehead small, domestic faculties 

 largely developed. The body of an infant was found near this one. 



Besides human skeletons, bones of a good many kinds, though mostly 

 deers' horns and bones, bones split lengthwise, large numbers of mussel- 

 shells, turtle-shells, broken pottery (some of which must have been 

 large), a considerable amount of i:)arched com, and the impression in 

 the earth of woven fabric, which is rare here. The arrow-heads are nu- 

 merous but of a rude character. Several fine bone awls were found. 

 This seems to be the richest locality yet discovered here. 



N"ear Makanda, 3 miles north of this place, is an old fortification, called 

 Stone Fort, as it has once been defended by a stone wall, which is now 

 nearly demohshed. 



Field relics. — Near all large springs implements of stone are found 

 more numerous than at other places. They are of fine workmanship 

 usually, and of various forms. The arrow-heads are of flint, of all colors. 

 Shovels from 4 to 15 inches long have been found. Celts are of green- 

 stone, handsomely polished, from 3 inches to nearly a foot long. Green- 

 stone hatchets, having a groove for a handle, are found of various sizes, 

 and well made. I have two in my possession, weighing 1 J and 2^ jiounds, 

 respectively, though some found here will weigh probably 5 pounds. 



Worhshops. — Three miles w^est of Cobden, near Kaolin Station, on the 

 Saint Louis and Cairo Railroad, is the most extensive workshoj) I have 

 found. It covers several acres of ground, and car-loads of flint chips 

 and bowlders are strewn everywhere. Four miles south of Cobden is 

 another of less dimensions. Others of greater or less size are met with 

 in various parts of the country, but no relics of much value are found 

 with them. 



Aboriginal burial. — Seven miles west of Cobden, in Union County, 

 Illinois, near Clear Creek, on the fiirm of Adam Smith, is an aboriginal 

 cemetery. It is situated on a hillside facing the south. The graves 

 axe in a grouii, and were probably arranged according to some plan, but 

 the spot has been in cultivation fifty years, and the graves are sadly 

 mutilated. Each grave contains a single individual. The bodies were 

 stretched out at full length. Of the two that were examined one was lying 

 with the cranium to the west; the other toward the north; the face 

 of the one toward the rising sun; the other facing the noon-day sun. 

 The remains were inclosed in sarcophagi made of thin slabs of white 

 sandstone, which were probably quarried from a ledge about three-fourths 

 of a mile distant, in the bank of Clear Creek. The bones were (except 

 the teeth) nearly decomposed. The graves were scarcely a foot beneath 

 tJie surface, and mostly disturbed by the plow. 



The mounds 7 miles below Jonesborough, 111., have aftbrded many 

 valuable relics, including numerous perfect water- vessels and other pot- 

 tery, arrow and spear heads, celts, hoes, hatchets, pipes, skeletons, and 

 one stone idol made of stalactite. These mounds have been investigated 

 by F. M. Perriue, of Anna, III., who has a fine collection of mound and 

 field relics. 



