ARCHEOLOGY. 365 



of the canine famil}^, that during the whole era of the palisade build- 

 ers but one single race can be found, which, according to its unvary- 

 ing characteristics, is identical with that of our pointer. The hog, as 

 a domestic animal, was first wanting during the palisade era; after- 

 wards the turf hog (Sus scrofa pahistris) appears domesticated before 

 the progenity of the common wild hog [Sus scrofa ferus) was raised 

 to that honor. 



The horse was exceedingly rare, so much so that we must conclude 

 that this animal was not domesticated by the palisade builders, but 

 was introduced only occasionally perhaps among war spoils. 



Of the tamed bovine family a type appears locally limited, which 

 approaches the fossil species of Bos trochoceros from the diluvium 

 of Arezzo and Sienna, in Italy. A peculiarity of it is the direction 

 of the horns, Avhich, instead of the three-fold curvature which the 

 auerox exhibits, describe a simple arch in one and the same plane. 

 This race afterwards disappears from Helvetian ground, as also does 

 that of Bos primigeni'us, which has the auerox for a stemholder. 

 The former, however, is preserved in the sub-race of Friedland, Olden- 

 burg, and Holland. The third race of the palisade era. Bos hrachy- 

 ceros (identical with Bos longifrons of Owen) is considered by Dr. Riiti- 

 meyerthe same as the so-called ^'■Thurfox Thurfcoiv^^^ a race which, 

 under the name of brown cattle, is still found in the counties of 

 Schwyz, Wallis, Obertrasts, and Graubiinden. The same anatomist 

 also favors the views of some modern cattle-breeders who recognize 

 among the endemic stock only two races, which are said to hold on to 

 their geographical distribution with the utmost tenacity. The stock- 

 breeders there regarded always only external and seemingly trifling 

 but at the same time very constant characters, and their sagacious 

 suggestions have been fully sustained by the latest osteological re- 

 searches. 



The first and older race is the so-called ' ^Braunvieh^^ (brown cattle,) 

 Bos hrachyceros of a natural or deer color, without any purer tint and 

 especially lacking in pure white, but otherwise exhibiting every shade 

 from light gray to a dark blackish brown. A peculiarity of this 

 race is also the colors of the hair, which never appear distinct, but 

 invariably run into each other. 



The other race is the spotted or speckled, which did not exist among 

 the palisade builders, but was introduced from the north within his- 

 torical times. It originates from Bos frontosus. This race is pre- 

 served in its purest state in Saanen and Simmenthal. To it also 

 belongs the black and white spotted race of Fryburg. The pure 

 colored, spotted, or speckled race always shows either uniformly red 

 (bay) or sorrel or black, or white and bay or sorrel, or white and black. 

 One individual showing all three colors is only an exception to the rule. 



Of human remains but one skull was discovered. If this should 

 really belong to the palisade age, and if we could be permitted to 

 base a conclusion upon one single specimen, we would say the cranial 

 type since those days has suffered no change, or the palisade builders 

 did not differ osteologically from the Swiss of our own days. It seems 

 the ancient Helvetians did not leave their lacustrine habitations until 



