REVIEW OF BIRDS. 



441 



at the base. The largo upper wing-coverts of the first row on the lower arm 

 extend beyond the middle of the cubital quills. They have, with the excep- 

 tion of Rhea and 'Phanicoptertcs, as far as is known, two carotides communes. 



Order 5. Grall^, Liniie. 



The legs high, and the lower part of the cms without feathers.* The wings 

 wdl adapted for flying. The pectoral bone Avith a crista. They generally walk 

 and run with ease or very fast, and mostly live in damp places, near swamps or 

 on the banks of water-courses. The majority fly fast and with ease ; some fly 

 badly. They live generally in the middle (" mittlere," Faber) monogamy .t 

 Prsecoces. A great number of the Ardcidcc are Altrices. 



Order 6. Buevipennes, Dum6ril. 



The wings more or less rudimentary, and not adapted to flight. Pectoral 

 bone without crista. A small number of large birds that run fast, and may 

 be considered typical of the whole group. Their structure exhibits a strong 

 tendency towards the mammalian. Some are said to live in the middle monog- 

 amy, others in single monogamy, and others again in polygamy. Prsecoces. 



Order 7. Galling, Linn6. 



The legs of a mediocre height, and the entire crus feathered.f The wings 

 adapted to flying, but generally rather short and obtuse, and more or less bent. 

 They run fast ; but are easily fatigued by flying, and then hide among rocks, 

 bushes, grass, &c. Some live in polygamy, but the majority live in middle 

 monogamy. Prsecoces. 



Third Diylsion or Sub-class. 



Insessores, Vigors; Bonaparte. 



The entire crus and the lower part of femur free. The coat of feathers gen- 

 erally extends at least to the tai'sal joint.§ The hind toe with its base on a 

 level with that of the anterior toes,|| and very seldom missing. 



Order 8. PULLASTR^, Sundevall, 



The bill not covered by a cere at the base, but generally naked there, and 

 with an inflated skin at the nostrils. The point of the upper jaw rounded, but 

 very seldom bent down in the form of a hook. Three toes dii-ected forward, 

 and not united together. The large upper wing-coverts of the first row on the 

 lower arm extend beyond the middle of the cubital quills. Two carotides com- 

 munes. The majority fly very fast ; some do not fly so well, but these run 

 fast. The majority live in double monogamy, a few in middle or single monog- 

 amy [Penelope,) and a few in polygamy [Crax.) The majority are Altrices, 

 the others Prsecoces. 



Note. — This order is evidently an intermediate group between Cursores and 

 Insessores. The Talegallince, Penelopid<s, and Didunculidoi exhibit some ten- 

 dency towards the Accipitres. 



* The genus Scolopax deviates from this. 



t Both the old ones attend to their young, but do not carry food to them, letting them, 

 under their care, hunt for their own food. 



+ The genus Ortijzclos, Vieill., is an exception to this. 



^ Ditlunculus (Pleioclus) deviates from this, and has the lower part of the cms naked. 



U The Catkartini form an exception to this. 



