THE KWAKIUTL INDIANS. 319 



and kept in their juice until late iu the winter. They are also eaten 

 with fish oil. The food is kept in large boxes which are bent of cedar 

 wood, the bottom being- sewed to the sides. 



In winter, deer are hunted. Formerly bows and arrows were used in 

 their pursuit, but these have now been replaced by guns. The bow 

 was made of yev: wood or of maple. The arrows had stone, bone, and 

 copper points. Bows and arrows were carried in wooden quivers. Deer 

 are also captured by being driven into large nets made of cedar bark, 

 deer sinews, or nettles. Elks are hunted iu the same way. For smaller 

 animals traps are used. Deer and bears are also caught in large traps. 

 Birds were shot with arrows j)rovided with a thick blunt point. Deer- 

 skins are worked into leather and used for various purposes, principally 

 for ropes and formerly for clothing. 



The natives of this region go barelegged. The principal part of 

 their clothing is the blanket, and this was made of tanned skins or 

 woven of mountain-goat wool, dog's hair, feathers, or a mixture of 

 both. The thread is s]nin on the bare leg and by means of a spindle. 

 Another kind of blanket is made of soft cedar bark, the warp being 

 tied across the weft. These blankets are trimmed with fur. At the 

 present time woolen blankets are most extensively used. At festive 

 occasions "button blankets" are worn. Most of these are light blue 

 blankets with a red border set with mother-of-pearl buttons. Many 

 are also adorned with the crest of the owner, which is cut out in red 

 cloth and sewed on to the blanket. Men wear a shirt under the blanket, 

 while women wear a petticoat in addition. Before the introduction of 

 woolen blankets, women used to wear an apron made of cedar bark and 

 a belt made of the same material. When canoeing or working on the 

 beach, the women wear large water-tight hats made of basketry. In 

 rainy weather a water-tight cape or poncho made of cedar bark, is 

 used. 



The women dress their hair in two plaits, while the men wear it com- 

 paratively short. The latter keep it back from the face by means of a 

 strap of fur or cloth tied around the head. Ear and nose ornaments 

 are used extensively. They are made of bone and of abalone shell. 

 The women of the most northern tribes (from about Skeena Eiver north- 

 ward) wear lab rets. 



A great variety of baskets are used — large wicker baskets for carry- 

 ing fish and clams, cedar-bark baskets for purposes of storage. Mats 

 made of cedar bark, and in the south such made of rushes, are used for 

 bedding, packing, seats, dishes, covers of boxes, and similar purposes. 



In olden times work in wood was done by means of stone and bone 

 implements. Trees were felled with stone axes and split by means of 

 wooden or bone wedges. Boards were split out of cedar trees by means 

 of these wedges. After the rough cutting was finished, the surface of 

 the wood was planed with adzes, a considerable number of which were 

 made of jade and serpentine bowlders, which materials are fouiul in 

 several rivers. Carvings were executed with stone and shell knives. 



