252 



PRESENT STATE OF ETHNOLOGY 



Germans. - 



[ Orthognathic. 



Celts. 



DolichocepJialce of Europe. 



' Norwegians and Normans of France and 

 England, 



Swedes, 



Danes, 



Hollanders, 



Flemings, 



JBurgundians, 



Germans of the German stock, 



Franks, 



Anglo-Saxons, 



Goths in Italy and Spain, 



Scottish Celts, 



Irish Celts, 



English Celts, 



Welsh, 



Gauls of France, Switzerland, Germany, 

 <fec, 



Romans proper, 



Ancient Hellenes and their descendants, 

 Since the period when for the first time I announced this classifi- 

 cation, which may be found in the transactions of the first meeting 

 of Scandinavian naturalists at Christiana, I have examined a great 

 number of individuals descended from Norman families in France and 

 England. All these, without exception, have preserved the same 

 oval form of the skull which characterizes the Normans properly so 

 called in Norway. I have studied, besides, by hundreds, the Swedish 

 heads found in ancient tombs or in cemeteries, or obtained from ana- 

 tomical amphitheatres, and in all these skulls the same form which 

 I had described has been found to prevail. 



Some years ago, in levelling the Riddarholm, an entire cemetery 

 was laid open, in which were found skulls and relics of skeletons. A 



middle of the anterior margin of the great foramen in the base to a point in the vault of 

 the cranium directly above. The frontal diameter or breadth of the forehead is measured, 

 between the most protuberant points of the frontal bone, behind and above the external 

 angular processes. The breadth of the face is taken between the zygomatic arches. The 

 height or length of the face is the distance between the point of the chin and the root of 

 the nose. The horizontal periphery is measured by means of a graduated tape passed 

 around the cranium below the superciliary ridges of the os-froutis, and over the external 

 occipital protuberance. This is the horizontal circumference of the calvaria or head proper. 

 The occipito-frontal arch is measured from the root of the nose over the top of the head 

 in the median line, to the posterior margiu of the great foramen at the base. These are 

 the most important external measurements of the skull; many others, however, might be 

 enumerated. In my own system, as yet unpublished, I have adopted 54 different dimen- 

 sions as necessary to express fully all the ethnological peculiarities of the cranium." 



Other terms, it may be added, have been proposed for the designation of particular forms 

 of the cranium, as platycephalic for those distinguished by horizontal expansion of the ver- 

 tical region, a feature which, when joined with somewhat low elevation of forehead and 

 great width between the angles and condyles of the lower jaw, imparted to the counte- 

 nance, says Professor J. B. Davis, of England, that quadrangular appearance so commonly 

 observed in the statues of ancient Romans of consular and imperial times. Aaocephalic 

 or elevated, whose leading characters are " great antero-posterior length; smallness of bi- 

 parietal measurement, with apparent compression of the sides; roundness and projection of 

 frontal region; absence of sagittal suture; this last being the determining cause of all the 

 other peculiarities." — (Report of the British Association, 1857, p. 146.) 



