IN EELATION TO THE FORM OF THE HUMAN SKULL. 265 



one, not only in the lesser Antilles, but the neighboring continent 

 where we now find Venezuela and Guiana, and all the Carib skulls 

 which I have observed, or of which we have any account, are dolicho- 

 cephalic. With regard to the Indians of Brazil there is a general 

 concurrence in assigning them to the Tupi of the Portuguese, who, 

 more to the south, received from the Spaniards the name of Guarani, 

 of whom Dr. Prichard has somewhere said: "This great race, Tupi 

 or Guarani, is spread over the whole eastern coast of South America, 

 from the mouth of the river De la Plata to that of the river Amazon.' 7 

 Towards Upper Paraguay it extended over almost the whole central 

 part of the continent, and in the province of Dhaco it reached the 

 eastern slope of the Andes, and even penetrated the valleys of that 

 great chain. Mention is also made of the Guarani in Bolivia, New 

 Grenada, and other countries. Apparently the ancient Peruvians of 

 Morton and the Huanchas of M. de Tschudi are also Guarani, though 

 their skulls were much deformed by the elongation produced by arti- 

 ficial compression. The skulls of this race, as well as the Carib, are 

 dolichocephalic, and of much capacity, with the jaws quite large. 



Towards the north we find on the Atlantic coast, both of the United 

 States and Canada, a predominance of the dolichocephalic form among 

 the tribes, that is to say, who pass under the general name of red- 

 skins, as the Algonquins and Iroquois. The same result may be 

 definitively arrived at from a study of the delineations given by Mor- 

 ton of Cherokees, Chippeways, Miamies, Oneidas, Hurons,Pottawato- 

 mies, Cayugas, (particularly remarkable,) Cotonays or Blackfeet, tfec. 



To these facts it must be added that the Esquimaux, who extend 

 also to the eastern coast, belong equally to the dolichocephala?, though 

 holding an altogether special place among them. Many authors con- 

 sider the Esquimaux as related to the Tschjoudes, as well as to the 

 Mongols. Morton himself, in the ethnographic part of his work, classes 

 them in a common family with the Samoiedes and the Laplanders, 

 and gives it the name of the polar family ; stating that this singular 

 race is found only on the northern limits of the continents of Europe, 

 Asia, and America. He calls them Mongol- Americans. Nothing could 

 be more inexact than this assertion, as far at least as the form of the 

 skull is admitted to have weight in the question of the affinities of 

 race. In my first essay on this subject, laid before the Assembly of 

 Scandinavian Naturalists in 1842, I placed the Greenlanders among 

 the prognathic dolichocephahc, and had the pleasure of finding myself 

 fully sustained in this view by such competent judges as Eschricht, 

 Van der Hoeven, Ibbsen, and Nilsson. Messrs. Eschricht and Ibbsen 

 have probably seen more skulls of Greenlanders than any other phy- 

 siologists of our age, and the former, in a discourse before the Associ- 

 ation at Christiana, in 18-14, delivered himself to this effect: "The 

 Greenlanders and Esquimaux pertain to a people among whom the 

 form of the head is of an altogether special type, and I rest my deci- 

 sion on the skulls of Greenlanders in the pl^siological museum of 

 Copenhagen." Now these skulls, which he exhibited, have exactly 

 the form of those on which I based my own opinion. I find myself 

 sustained also by the figures and descriptions of Esquimaux skulls 



