MOROCCO. 369 



eomilry appears only bej'oud the Atlas range, and here cidtivation 

 is limited to some few oases and gronps of oases, which, like the na- 

 tive land of the ]iresent dynasty. Tafilalet, are watered by the Atlas 

 streams. On the coast land of this district, as far south as Cape 

 Jnby, the rainfall in winter is so al)inulant that there is a wide area of 

 good pasture land, and barley can be planted in winters of copious 

 rainfall even outside the river-watered oases. The average rainfall 

 at Cape .Fuby may amount to 200 mm. As far south as Mogador, and 

 probably some distance south of that city, the rainfall has attained 

 -100 mm., Avhich, to judge from observations in Tunis, is sufficient for 

 agriculture; and to judge from my own observations, an additional 

 advantage for agriculture is provided by the heavy dew that falls all 

 along the coast and is to be attributed to the action of the trade winds, 

 which, blowing off shore, carry out to sea the surface water and thus 

 bring up the cool strata from the depths. At Casa Blanca the rain- 

 fall amounts to more than -iOO mm., at Cape Spartel it reaches nearly 

 800 mm., at Tangiers it rises above 800 mm. Accordingly the entire 

 coast land and all of North Morocco are capable of cultivation. In 

 fact, in the Ilinterland of Mogador, in the provinces of Shedma, 

 Haha, and Mtuga wide areas are covered by open woods of evergreens, 

 that is, of argan trees. The woods more frequently, it is true, mere 

 coppices, extend 70 km. inland, where the steppes begin. I have 

 already pointed out that also in the zone of steppes, where the rainfall 

 probablj'- remains considerably below 400 nnn. at Marnakest (the 

 average seems to be slightly more than 200 nnn.) agriculture is not 

 entirely out of the question. At the foot of the Atlas I saw wheat 

 and barley fields on soil unwatered b}^ rivers, which again gives evi- 

 dence of increased rainfall. 



The population of Morocco has not been the object of sufficient 

 ethnologic investigation. Mv observations would lead me to the 

 opinion that the Berber element is much more widely spread than is 

 commonly supposed and that, even in the open country and the plains, 

 it has been able to maintain itself as against the Arabic element 

 although in many respects it is externally "Arabianized " and has 

 adopted the Arabic speech. And yet on the high plateau a day's 

 march east of Marralcesh I found Berbers that have preserved their 

 own tongue. In the Avhole of North Morocco, even in the vicinity of 

 Tangiers, live pure Berbers, the Amazirghs, and in the southwestern 

 part of the Atlas Vorland, in Shedma, Haha, and Mtuga, and in the 

 entire ]Moroccan Atlas, live the Berber Shilha. The Arabic element 

 is predominatingly nomadic and limited for the most part to the 

 plains of central Morocco; but the Arabic tribe of HoAvara, living 

 among Ber))ers, has taken up settled hal)itation also in the Sus. As 

 soon as you enter the hilly and mountainous districts j^ou realize that 

 SM 1004 24 



