586 GENERAL VIEW OF ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PUEBLO REGION. 



experience Avith the elements and soil, of suffering from famine and 

 foes, in time led to a degree of like-mindedness which found corre- 

 sponding expression in religious belief, in esthetic feeling, in social 

 organization. The Pueblo tribes, while remaining unlike as to lan- 

 guage and somatic characteristics, naturally became alike in general 

 and specific culture. Some of these elements of likeness may be 

 stated as follows: They were all producing rather than predatory 

 tribes; they preferred sedentary to nomadic life; they preferred 

 stable rather than transitory homes; they developed a societary sys- 

 tem founded on " mother right ; " they evolved a highly complex 

 theogony, characterized by elaborate rain and growth ceremonials; 

 they developed highly the art of pottery with elaborate symbolic 

 ornamentation. 



The name '' Pueblo " is thus almost without ethnological signifi- 

 cance, having no reference to tribal or linguistic relationship, but 

 relating mainly to a type of culture that developed in response to the 

 influence of a definite physiographic environment, the limits of which 

 were fixed by nature as above set forth. 



11. Classes of Archeological Remains. 



A much greater variety of archeological remains exists in the 

 Southwest than in other j>arts of the United States, owing to the per- 

 manence of abodes, the adaptation of climate to the preservation of 

 artifacts usually perishable, and the comparatively uninhabited con- 

 dition. Wliile in other parts of the country little save the contents 

 of graves, consisting of stone implements, pottery, and osseous re- 

 mains, now exist, and the majority of these lost or disturbed by the 

 progress of agriculture, here we find not only graves and all the usual 

 mortuary remains, but extensive remains of houses in every stage of 

 preservation, with all the appurtenances of domestic life preserved 

 therein, and numerous shrines, ceremonial deposits, and an extensive 

 paleography displaying the esthetic and religious life. 



The ruins of domiciliary structures are capable of division, not on 

 structural differences, but by situation, into the two general classes — 

 pueblos and cliff dwellings. The first eml)races all those multiple- 

 chambered structures, either single or in clusters, that are situated 

 onmesasor in valleys independent of support from natural rock walls. 

 The second includes those that are wholly or in part embraced within 

 cliffs, built against cliffs, or situated on ledges under overhanging 

 cliffs, either single or multiple chambered. The location of the vil- 

 lage of a pre-Columbian sedentary tribe w^as selected primarily with 

 reference to water and arable lands. This was modified in time by 

 the necessities of defense against incoming predatory enemies, which 

 multiplied as the Pueblos accumulated food supplies sufficient to 

 make them desirable prey. The kind of a house to be built was 



