44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918. 



States, Old World anthropology, and the like. Although the staff 

 is made up of experts in the study of the American Indians and the 

 appropriation is limited to the study of our aborigines, the chief 

 has not shrunk from the necessity of contributing what information 

 he could on these related subjects, recognizing the need in the near 

 future of a Bureau of Ethnology. 



The " ethnological researches " of individual members of the staff 

 the past year are outlined in the following pages. 



At the close of the last fiscal year Mr. F. W. Hodge had begun 

 excavations at Hawikuh, one of the " Seven Cities of Cibola," situ- 

 ated near the present pueblo of Zuni, N. Mex. This work was con- 

 tinued in the summer months and yielded a large and varied collec- 

 tion of artifacts, which are now in the Museum of the American 

 Indian (Heye Foundation). 



The excavations were confined to the great refuse heaps that cover 

 the western side of the elevation on which the ruins are situated, the 

 maximum height of the hillock being 60 feet above the eastern valley. 

 It was believed that this refuse would be found to follow the config- 

 uration of a gradual slope, but this proved not to be the case, for the 

 farther the excavation was carried toward the ruined walls on the 

 summit the deeper the refuse was found to be, and continuous work 

 for nearly three months in this direction failed to reach a natural 

 slope or escarpment. 



The removal of the refuse, which had reached a depth of 15 feet 

 when the work was suspended for the season, brought to light many 

 features of interest, for, as was expected from the character of the 

 surface soil, this great deposit of debris, consisting largely of ash 

 and other refuse from the dwellings, interspersed with quantities of 

 broken pottery and other artifacts, strata of drift sand, building 

 refuse, etc., formed one of the cemeteries of the pueblo, or, one might 

 say, the western area of a single great cemetery that surrounded the 

 pueblo which, with its appurtenances, covers an area of approxi- 

 mately 756 by 850 feet, or nearly 15 acres. Excavation of perhaps 

 a fifth of the cemetery area resulted in uncovering 237 graves. 



Excavation had not proceeded very far before remains of walls of 

 dwellings much older than those of historic Hawikuh were encoun- 

 tered on the floor of the original surface, 15 feet below the maximum 

 deposit of refuse; yet, as the work progressed, it was found that 

 these walls had been built over and across the walls of other and 

 more ancient houses that had been erected, occupied, abandoned, and 

 filled in to afford space for the construction of the dwellings which 

 in turn preceded Hawikuh probably by many generations. The ma- 

 sonry of these earlier structures, on the whole, was much cruder than 

 that of Hawikuh proper; but if allowance be made for disturbance 

 caused by the burial of the dead through several generations, which 



