PALEOBOTANY— BERRY. 319 



Great numbers of a variety of calamite cones are known from im- 

 pressions, as the large cones of Macrostachya, the more openly con- 

 structed cones of Huttonia, and the curious cones of Gingularia. 

 The two types, Calamostachya (Volkmannia) and Palaeostachya, are 

 also represented by a considerable amount of petrified material with 

 the structure preserved. In Calamostachya the whorls of peltate 

 sporangiophores, each bearing four pendent sporangia, alternate 

 cquidistantly with usually twice as numerous sterile bracts, which 

 are connate or free basally and whose upturned imbricated and 

 strengthened tips effectually protected the inclosed sporangia. The 

 latter are elongated sacs with their walls but one cell in thickness, 

 but stiffened by ridges, and containing numerous tetrads of spores. 

 In some species the spores appear to be all of one kind (homos- 

 porous), although they are somewhat unequally developed in C. 

 1/rnneyana. Other species (e. g., C. casheana) were heterosporous, 

 although both microspores and megaspores were borne in the same 

 region of the cone. Other species (C. grandewryi) had radial sterile 

 plates connecting the sporangiophores with the adjacent bracts, thus 

 inclosing each group of four sporangia in a radial compartment. 

 Although the sporangiophores were borne on the cone axis midway 

 between the whorls of sterile bracts, their supply bundles have a com- 

 mon origin, forking at the nodes, and that of the sporangiophore 

 passing upward more or less across the interval of the internode and 

 then bending downward and entering the sporangiophore, thus indi- 

 cating that, although widely removed from the bracts, the sporangio- 

 phores were morphologically their ventral appendages as in Spheno- 

 phyllum. Calamostachya is usually but not invariably associated 

 with the Asterophyllites tj^pe of foliage. 



Petrified material of Palaeostachya is less common than that of 

 Calamostachya. The former cones differ in having the sporangio- 

 phores inserted in the axils of the bracts and inclined upward- 

 features usually discernible in impression material. The bracts were 

 imbricated and more or less connate proximad. The sporangio- 

 phores, half as numerous as the bracts, bore four pendent sporangia 

 from their peltate tips. Some cones appear to have been homos- 

 porous and other heterosporous. It has been commonly assumed 

 from the axillary position of the sporangiophores that Palaeostachya 

 was more primitive than Calamostachya, but in one species at least 

 of the former the supply bundles pursue an at first ascending and 

 subsequently descending course similar to what obtains in Calamos- 

 tachya. Some of the Palaeostachya cones are of large size and they 

 are usually associated with the Annularia type of foliage. 



Macrostachya is the name applied to exceedingly large cones of 

 calamitos preserved as impressions. They show considerable varia- 

 tion and are said to have been heterosporous. Huttonia includes 



