PALEOBOTANY BERRY. 399 



fras, bayberry (Myrica), sycamore (Platanus), cottOnwood (Popu- 

 lus), oak (Quercus), buckthorn. (Rhamnus), willow (Salix), soap- 

 berry (Sapindus), sheepberry (Viburnum), etc. Associated with 

 these familiar modern types were exotic elements, such as Aralia, 

 camphor trees (Cinnamomum), Cissites, Paliurus; ancestral mem- 

 bers of the orange family (Citrophyllum) ; extinct genera, such as 

 Dewalquea, Aspidiophyllum, and Protophyllum ; tropical forms, 

 such as Oreodaphne, Zizyphus, Pterospermites, Sapotacites, and 

 Sterculia. A few doubtful leaflets represented the erstwhile abun- 

 dant Cycadophytes of the older Mesozoic. 



Another exceptionally interesting flora of about the same age as 

 that of the Dakota sandstone is that found in western Greenland. 

 Overlying the Lower Cretaceous Koine beds of Disko Island and the 

 Nugsuak Peninsula in latitude 69° to 72° north are several thousand 

 feet of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits carrying fossil 

 plants. Few regions within the Arctic Circle have been studied as 

 thoroughly as this one. The fossil plants were first discovered about 

 100 years ago and excited the liveliest interest in European scien- 

 tific circles, since the geologists of that time could not realize how 

 different the climate is at the present time from what it was in 

 Cretaceous and Tertiary times. The Upper Cretaceous plants of 

 Greenland occur in an older (Atane) and a younger (Patoot) series. 

 The former contains over 175 different plants, of which many are 

 identical with forms found in central Europe (Bohemia, Moravia, 

 Saxony) and in North America and Asia (Sachalin). Ferns were 

 numerous, including many fine species of the genus Gleichenia. 

 Associated with poplars, walnuts, magnolias, pines, oaks, ginkgos, 

 and similar temperate types were bread fruit ( Artocarpus) , figs, 5 

 cinnamons, and other tropical types. Many of these ranged south- 

 ward along the Atlantic coast to Alabama and Texas, showing how 

 uniform was the Upper Cretaceous climate. Very many plants of 

 this age have been described from New Jersey, Maryland, the Caro- 

 linas, Alabama, and Texas. Araucarias and Dammaras, both con- 

 fined to the Southern Hemisphere in existing floras, are common. 

 The last Baieras, Brachyphyllums, Williamsonias, Geinitzias, 

 Frenelopsis, and Czekanowskia occur at this time. Palms were 

 abundant as far north as northern New Jersey, and there were many 

 tropical, mixed with temperate, types. 



There is not space to describe these ancient floras in detail nor to 

 discuss the many interesting problems of distribution that they help 

 to explain. Paleobotanists are agreed that the flowering plants 

 (Angiospermophyta) must "have had a long ancestry previous to 

 their first-known occurrence in the rocks, because of the apparent 

 suddenness of their appearance in great variety and with compara- 

 tively modern characters. There were many large land surfaces in 



