■ SUN WORSHIP FEWKES. 519 



an earthenware bowl containing the " medicine." At the extremity 

 of each line is an ear of corn of the color corresponding to 

 the direction indicated by these lines; yellow corn for the north, 

 blue or green corn for the west, red corn for the south, white corn 

 for the east, speckled corn for the above,. and black corn for the 

 below. On each one of these ears of corn is laid a stone and a drop 

 of honey. The object of the stone is to indicate that the worshipers 

 wish the corn to be hard ; that of the honey is to ask for sweet corn 

 of the different colors. 



In the course of the songs and prayers about the six-directions 

 altar, petitions are made for abundance of maize, during which, in 

 sequence, each ear is solemnly raised by the priest, dipped in the 

 medicine, and the adhering drops shaken off in the direction in- 

 dicated by the color of the corn, the stones being left in the medi- 

 cine. At the conclusion of this rite the priest takes a quartz crystal, 

 mounts to the entrance of the kiva in the roof, and reflects a ray 

 of sunlight into the liquid contained in the medicine bowl. 



There are here three different kinds of sun worship due to the 

 northern, eastern, and southern components of the Hopi ritual, but 

 what is said here must be very general in nature. The northern com- 

 ponent is, of course, the cult with the living snakes or the famous 

 Snake dance. There are no masked dancers in the Snake dance, no 

 uprights to the altars unless the painted slat called the " butterfly 

 tablet " be so regarded ; no anthropomorphic idols except the two on 

 the Snake altar at Oraibi ; no prominent plumed serpent or Sky god 

 worship. The cultus hero and heroine are personated by a boy and 

 a girl. This cult is simple as compared with those from East and 

 South. 



The cults of eastern and southern provenance have more in com- 

 mon ; the Katcinas, derived from the East and South, personify clan 

 ancients led by the Sky god, both personated by masked men. The 

 Katcinas have elaborate altars with idols, as in their equinoxial and 

 solstitial worship the Patski people have elaborate effigies of the 

 horned serpent, corn maids, germ gods, and the like. There are 

 many minor differences, as presence of clowns, multitude of prayer 

 sticks and the like, but cults of eastern and southern derivation are 

 evidently higher in development, more varied or more differentiated, 

 showing that the Snake dance bears every evidence of being not only 

 a simpler form of worship, but also distinct in its geographical origin 

 from the others, as the Hopi claim. "We may call it the cult of the 

 Tcamahias or ancient people of the San Juan ruins, strongly repre- 

 sented in pueblos of ancient and surviving in pueblos of modern 

 Keresan stock. 



In many of the public sacred dances in Hopiland there appears 

 among the participants a personage who bears on his back a shield 



