572 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1918. 



same large splayed adz (fig. 37) appears in Cyprus; it evidently came 

 from there to Egypt, or both lands drew on a common source else- 

 where. About 4,200 B. C. the ax with two large scallops in the back 

 edge (fig. 40), leaving three points of attachment, suddenly appears 

 in Egypt; a thousand years later it is far more advanced in Syria 

 (fig. 39) than in Egypt, and it probably originated there, and spread 

 also to Greece. About 3,000 B. C. a very strange drawing of a sickle 

 appears in Egypt (fig. 42) unlike any other there ; this is closely like a 

 Swiss form (fig. 41). At the same time small daggers with notched 

 tangs appear both in Switzerland (fig. 43) and in Cyprus (fig. 44). 

 Here are links from the European copper age to the East. The same 

 line of connection appears later, about 1,200 B. C, when the pruning 

 hook (figs. 45, 46) from Nbricum (the modern mines of Styria) 

 appears in Egypt (fig. 47) ; the rhombic arrowhead of Greece and 

 Italy is found also in Egypt, the bronze hoe of Cyprus (fig. 49) and 

 Egypt (fig. 48) spread northward in the Iron Age, and the European 

 sword was rarely brought into Egypt. 



An interesting confirmation of history is seen in the knives with 

 straight parallel blades and turned-over ends. These are char- 

 acteristic of the Siculi in Sicily (fig. 51), and just at the time when 

 the Shakal people were attacking Egypt the same knife (fig. 50) is 

 figured in an Egyptian tomb, and a specimen also has been found. 

 This proves the connection between the Siculi and Egypt at the time. 



A curious evidence of different trade routes is given by the razor. 

 An unusual form in Sicily has a concave hollow or notch in the end 

 (figs. 52, 54), which was reduced to a mere split (fig. 56) or a slight 

 hollow (fig. 59). The notch form traveled into Italy (fig. 55) by the 

 simple way across the strait. The concave hollow, widened as a cres- 

 cent, traveled up to Switzerland (fig. 53) and Germany (fig. 60), 

 probably by the Adriatic. The split form (fig. 56) traveled to 

 Flanders (fig. 58) and England (fig. 57), probably by the Rhone. 

 Here four different modifications branch from a type and are carried 

 by different routes to distant lands. 



The triangular arrowhead is believed to have been started in south 

 Russia. Thence it spread over central Europe and central Asia, and 

 was taken by the Scythian migration into Syria about 600 B. C, 

 and hence into Egypt. 



Thus the spread of forms throughout the ancient world illustrates 

 the movements of trade and of warfare, while the isolation of various 

 types at the same time shows how efficient and self-supporting the 

 ancient civilizations were in most requirements. The history of 

 tools has yet to be studied by a far more complete collection of ma- 

 terial, above all of specimens exactly dated from scientific excava- 

 tions. It will certainly be, in the future, an important aid in tracing 

 the growth and decay of civilizations, the natural history of man. 



