TOTEMISM HOPKTNS. 575 



from the personal totem. 1 In South America even Dr. Frazer ad- 

 mits that totemism and exogamy exist in only two tribes (the Goa- 

 jiros and Arawaks, withal "almost surely," not quite), and the 

 "•mother sea" and "mother maize" of Peru were only ancestral 

 food-givers (not totems). Moreover the admitted fact that the skin 

 of the "lion ancestor" worn at festivals by the Chanchas is no evi- 

 dence of totemism reacts on the explanation of such skin-clad revelers 

 elsewhere, as in Greece and Rome. 2 



But by dint of calling almost anything totemism, totemism has 

 been found almost everywhere. It really does exist in many different 

 parts of the world, North America, Africa, Polynesia, Australia, etc. 

 We will take it as we find it in some of its most primitive forms, 

 where it has nothing to do necessarily with religion or with marriage. 



In Australia, where we have been assured that there is no religion, 

 only magic (but this is a fallacy), and where at any rate we find 

 totemism without religious implication, there are two things to be 

 considered. First, is this Australian culture unique or is it only part 

 of a greater complex, taking in the Melanesians? Indications point 

 to a common substratum rather than to isolation. How the connec- 

 tion arose is not difficult to imagine; why it stopped is harder 

 to guess. At any rate there is the possibility that Australian 

 savages represent not the most primitive stage but a decadent form 

 of an earlier stage of culture, when, for example, these savages could 

 sail the sea. Then, secondly, there is to be considered the complex 

 of totemic groups. For the purpose of this paper I have stressed 

 the kind of totemism in which the totem is eaten and exogamy is 

 not considered. But no one kind of totemism can be posited for 

 Australia. If totemism imply a relation (magical or religious) be- 

 tween a clan and a class of animals or plants, Australian totemism 

 may be either in the female line (the child then belongs to the class 

 of the mother), or in the male line (the child then belongs to the 

 father's class of animals), the former sort being found more in the 

 eastern part of the country, the latter in other parts. But the 

 Australian group may be merely a fortuitous class of collective own- 

 ers of a certain territory, and in this case the child belongs to its 

 father's totemic class, but the group is not exogamous (a western 

 sort of totemism). Besides these sorts there is the totemism of the 

 cult society, in which all are totem members ; the divided society, in 

 which each half of the tribe has a different totem; and that of the 

 four or eight divisions of relationship; while, in addition, sex-totem- 

 ism again divides the tribe into two totemic parts. Moreover, per- 



1 See, for example, Ellis, The Tshi-speaking Peoples, etc., p. 205 f. ; Nassau, Fetichism 

 in West Africa, p. 210. Bantu totemism is usually of this sort. There is here no venera- 

 tion for the totem. 



2 See Frazer, Totemism, p. 95 ; The Golden Bough, 2. 293 ; Totemism and Exogamy, 2. 

 230; 3. 571, 579. 



