EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 209 



The fifth model (Plate 39) illustrates ;i dwelling group of the 

 so-called Digger Indians of the Californian region. The numerous 

 tribes belong to several linguistic families, and occupy an extensive 

 area in California, Utah, and Nevada. They received their name from 

 the use of roots in their arts. Their dwellings are primitive, but 

 modified by contact with the whites. This group includes the com- 

 munal house, built of boards and shingles; the mill shelter: the sum- 

 mer house, where the household arts are carried on; the storage plat- 

 form, and the granary. As these people subsist largely on acorns, 

 the greater part of the woman's life is spent in gathering the nuts, 

 carrying them home in a conical basket suspended on the back by a 

 band passing across the forehead, drying and hulling them, grinding 

 them in stone mortars, sifting, cooking, and serving the meal in the 

 form of mush or bread. The men are hunters, fishers, and laborers. 



The sixth model (Plate 40) is that of a dwelling group of the 

 Great Plains Indians. Here dwelt formerly Siouan, Algonquian, 

 Kiowan, and Shoshonean tribes in tents of buffalo and deer hide. A 

 set of poles lashed together at the top, a cone-shaped covering over 

 that, held down by pegs driven into the ground about the edge, con- 

 stituted the dwelling. The fireplace was in the center, and the furni- 

 ture consisted of abundance of skins for beds and a few ladles or 

 spoons of wood or horn for dishes. Cooking was done by roasting 

 and stone boiling, and pemmican or dried buffalo meat was laid up for 

 time of need. The men were hunters and warriors, and the women 

 were skilled in all the peaceful arts that grew out of the chase. 



A dwelling of the Wichita Indians is the subject of the seventh 

 model (Plate 41). This tribe is of Caddoan stock, and formerly 

 inhabited northern Texas. Their dwellings are generally cone shaped 

 and dome shaped. The frame is of poles tied together, like lattice- 

 work. Into this bundles of grass are woven in rows, imbricated so 

 as to shed the rain. The group shows a finished house, one in process 

 of erection, and a communal shelter supported on poles. The Wichita 

 have become agriculturists, and dry their corn on hides or frames. 

 They have also adopted the metal cooking vessels of the whites. The 

 method of thatching is to be compared with that of the Papago in 

 Sonora. Mexico. 



The eighth model (Plate 42) represents a dwelling group of the 

 Pawnee Indians, a type of the Missouri Valley region. Tin 1 Pawnee 

 formerly lived in Nebraska, on the Platte River. They belong to the 

 same family as the Arikarees in North Dakota and the Caddoes in 

 Louisiana and eastern Texas. Although their home was in the country 

 of the skin-tent dwellers, they continued to build the ancient northern 

 type of earth-covered abode with slightly sunken floor. The frame 

 consists of logs set on end in a circle and connected with other timbers. 

 The roof is of radiating poles, rafters covered with brush and then 

 with a thick layer of earth and sod. From the circular chamber a 

 NAT mus 1901 14 



