210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1901. 



passage several feet in length leads outward, forming the doorway. 

 This type of dwelling is also interesting in that it is suggestive of the 

 origin of many of the smaller mounds in different parts of the Missis- 

 sippi Valley. 



The ninth model of the series (Plate 4-8) represents an aneient cliff 

 dwelling of the Pueblo country. The arid region of Colorado, Utah, 

 Arizona, and New Mexico abounds in canyons and plateaus, and the 

 rockv walls have been carved by the elements into many fanciful 

 shapes. Here also were formed shelves, shelters, and caverns, and 

 these were extensively utilized by the ancient tribes for dwelling 

 purposes, from which circumstances they derive their name — Cliff 

 Dwellers. The fronts of the recesses were closed with stone walls, 

 and partition walls divided the space into rooms of various sizes. 

 These houses were reached by natural pathways, by steps cut into the 

 rock, and by wooden ladders, and they served for defense as well as 

 for abode. By the remains of industrial arts found in the cliff struc- 

 tures, their builders are shown to have been the ancestors of part or 

 all of the modern Pueblo tribes. 



A dwelling group of the Papago Indians is shown in the tenth 

 model (Plate 44). The type is that of the Sonoran region. The Pa- 

 pago Indians are of Piman stock, inhabiting Pima Count} r , Arizona, 

 and the State of Sonora, Mexico. They dwell in dome-shaped grass 

 houses, in which a frame of mesquite pole:; is fastened together with 

 yucca twine, covered with long grass and mud, and protected with 

 stalks of the ocotilla. Other outbuildings arc the kitchen circle, the 

 pole-supported shelter, and the ruined house showing structural fea- 

 tures. The food of the Papago is chiefly vegetal, the staple being the 

 beans and pods of the mesquite tree. They are clever potters. The 

 Papago wear little costume, the modern dress being of European or 

 modified European pattern. The men formerly wrapped skins about 

 their loins, and the women were clad in fringed petticoats of shredded 

 bark and leaves. 



The eleventh model (Plate 45) illustrates the home of the Goajiros 

 Indians of Venezuela, a type of the Orinoco ethnic province. The dis- 

 coverers of the coast of South America were astonished to rind tribes 

 living in huts built out over the water, and so they gave to this region 

 the name of Venezuela, or Little Venice. The huts, only a few feet 

 square, stood among the trees, on platforms constructed by interlacing 

 the stems. The houses later were supported on piles or trunks of 

 trees, sunk in the water and standing 5 or 6 feet high. In the center 

 of each platform was a pile of earth, and on this the lire was built 

 and kept continually burning. Over the platform was suspended a low 

 roof thatched with palm leaves. Access to the house was had by 

 means of a notched tree trunk. The natives moved about in dugout 

 canoes, and when the water was high one of these could be seen tied 



