EXHIBIT AT PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 215 



the representation of natural forms in stone, wood, bone, etc., in the 

 round or in relief. In the extreme North, beyond the limit of tree 

 growth, drift-wood and walrus ivory were and are the materials used. 

 On the north Pacific coast horn, slate, and wood arc utilized to excel- 

 lent advantage, but in other regions the art is not extensively prac- 

 ticed at the present time. Formerly many of the American tribes 

 excelled in carving - , especially in stone, which material was shaped to 

 represent man, animals, and fanciful creatures in endless variety. The 

 inspiration for this work was furnished by the religious symbolism of 

 the people. Statuary as a purely aesthetic art was unknown to the 

 aborigines, and they had notadvanced to the stage where accurate por- 

 traiture 1 was appreciated. 



Shaping implements were made of stone, copper, hone, wood. etc. 

 The hammer stone served for breaking, flaking, and pecking, the saw 

 for dividing, the drill for boring, the grinding stone for shaping and 

 smoothing, and the knife and chisel for cutting. 



The tenth exhibit (Plate 55) shows how, throughout the entire 

 American continent, adornment of the person gathers its materials 

 from the most beautiful and durable of the native products. The 

 necklace is worn always for jewelry, and is made up of those objects 

 which are considered precious in their several localities. In the 

 Arctic province it is ivory, bone, and wood; on the Pacific coast, den- 

 dentalium, abalone, and other shells; in the interior basin, the seeds 

 of plants; in the tropical regions, teeth of animals, wings of insects, 

 feathers of birds; and in the Straits of Magellan, where the Fuegian 

 tribes can scarcely be said to wear clothing, they gather the pretty 

 little shells from the beach and string them on thongs of sinew for the 

 adornment of the person. In the codices and sculptures of the more 

 cultivated races this same passion for adorning tin 1 neck and breast is 

 exhibited, but with them stone of rare colors and varieties, and copper, 

 silver, and gold were in favor. 



In the eleventh series (Plate 5(3) is assembled a collection of appa 

 ratus illustrating smoking and snuffing customs of the aborigines of 

 America. Instead of being counted luxuries, the customs connected 

 with these practices were associated with their civil, military, and 

 religious life. In aboriginal times these practices were not universal 

 throughout the Western Hemisphere; they were more in vogue in 

 North and Central America than in South America. The western 

 Eskimo pipes show Asiatic influence. Mackenzie says that the Atha- 

 pascan tribes did not know the use of tobacco; but the forms of pipes 

 found in various regions of North America are so highly specialized 

 and so intimately associated with other classes of antiquities, assuredly 

 pre-Columbian, that we must conclude that the tobacco pipe was of 

 native origin. Stone was a favorite material for its manufacture, 



