ANTHROPOLOGICAL MUSEUM. 



275 



another, with the view of securing :i sharp edge for cutting and scrap- 

 ing. Three other processes that must have come early into use are 

 shaping by pocking, by grinding, and by cutting, and for a long- 

 period of human progress the only sculpture consisted of shaping- 

 useful implements by these methods. Even to-day these are the pro- 

 cesses used, the tools and appliances being simple with primitive peo- 

 ple and more highly developed among cultured nations. Mechanical 

 aids of considerable complexity are sometimes employed by our modern 

 sculptors. 



The first group of exhibits illustrating the history of the art may 

 well consist of a progressive series of the shaping implements and 

 devices, while two or more additional series may show the sculptured 

 products. 



m 



DT 



Fig. 8. — Arrangement of a synoptic exhibit illustrating the history of sculpture as elaborated in the 

 U. S. National Museum. I. Series of tools and appliances. II. Series of aboriginal American sculp- 

 ture?. III. Series of oriental sculptures. IV. Scries of Mediterranean sculptures, a. Case label. 

 b, General descriptive label, c, c, c, c, Scries labels. 1, 2, 3. etc., specimen labels, associated 

 directly with exhibits. 



In the first stages of the art only simple, useful articles were made; 

 later these were elaborated esthetically and personal ornaments were 

 added; then gradually the processes were applied to working out the 

 rude, block-like, imperfectly proportioned figures of animals and men; 

 these were totems, fetiches, and idols, and illustrate a third stage in 

 our progressive series. Later still portraiture was attempted, and a 

 kind of rigid, formal likeness was worked out, marking a fourth step. 

 Then with the higher nations correct form and expression came into 

 being, and finally the realistic and ideal work, represented by the 

 highest Greek art. was developed. Exhibits illustrating the more 

 advanced phases should embody originals of the smaller objects and 

 small-scale reproductions of the larger. If collections are ample, it 



