208 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 1 37 



which from time immemorial has adapted itself to living in a peculiar 

 environment, is particularly important. 



Among the Chrysomelidae with phyllophagous larvae, I have stud- 

 ied several species of Halticinae, Orsodacninae, and Hispinae. For 

 the necessary comparisons I have taken into account a halticinus, 

 whose larva is rhizophagous and hypogeous. Among the phylloph- 

 agous Halticinae, Diholia femoralis Redtb. and Sphacrodenna ru- 

 bidum Graells, respectively miners of sage and Cynara leaves, ex- 

 hibit the most modified larvae : body moderately flattened with 

 reduced trichotaxis, head capsule prognathous, posteriorly prolonged 

 by laminar dorsal processes, which penetrate into the thorax ; tendency 

 of the antennae to be displaced dorsally and anteriorly; enlargement 

 of the labium, a rich supply of bristles and bristly processes in sev- 

 eral portions of the mouth parts ; expansion of the maxillolabial 

 complex and tendency of some sclerites to coalesce, of the ligula to 

 develop, of the labial palpi to undergo involution; a slight indication 

 of formation of ambulacral areae ; a constant presence of the more 

 or less regularly formed thoracic legs, etc. 



The larvae of Phyllotreta nemorum L., which mine leaves of 

 Erysimum, appear less modified ; those of Aphthona cyparissae Koch, 

 living on the roots of Euphorbia, are nearly normal. 



The modifications undergone by the larvae of Hispinae, Hispa 

 testacea L. (miners of the leaves of Cistus) and Hispclla atra L. 

 (miners of the leaves of Agropyriim), follow, though with some 

 deviations, the same course as the larvae of the most specialized 

 Halticinae. 



The larva of the Orsodacninus, Zcugophora siibspinosa F., develop- 

 ing within the Populus leaves, conspicuously and differently trans- 

 formed, exhibits modifications resembling in a certain way those of 

 the first phase larvae of Lepidoptera Phyllocnistidae and Gracilariidae : 

 body flattened and anteriorly enlarged; head capsule flattened, prog- 

 nathous, prolonged backwardly by two dorsal and lateral processes 

 penetrating into the thorax, which has two strong apodemata ; labium 

 very large with a thick suite of enormous spatulate bristles ; mandibles 

 elongated and depressed; maxillae with large sclerotized stipites and 

 cardines, pushed back and drawn near each other beyond the labium, 

 which is involute and exhibits contiguous, subatrophied labial palpi, 

 furnished also with spatuliform bristles. For these particular condi- 

 tions the maxillary complex, which has shifted and modified, is placed 

 under the labrum, forming with it two pinnate plates, between which 

 the mandibles move. The legs are absent. Ambulacral arrangements 



