HISTORY OF CHRONOPHOTOGRAPHY. 



319 



ceeded in fixing- in successive instantaneous photographs all the phases 

 of the gaits of a horse, even at the swiftest gallop. He studied b} T the 

 same method the motions of man, as well as the principal types of 

 quadruped locomotion. 



His arrangement was as follows: Multiple cameras, numbering from 

 12 to 24. according to circumstances, were arranged in series and 

 pointed on a track where a horse was galloping. Each camera had a 

 quick-acting shutter worked by an electro-magnet. In passing along 

 the track the horse successively broke a series of wires, each of which 

 in breaking set free the shutter of one of the cameras. Things were 

 so arranged that, as he passed along, the animal caused the successive 

 production of a series of instantaneous photographs (fig. 3). a 



Muybridge's method was, shortly after, used by Anschutz, of Lissa, 

 who seems to have made some improvements in it. In particular he 



Fig. 3. 



was favored by fortune in being able to use the newly discovered 

 plates of gelatino-bromide of silver. Some tine series of photographs 

 by Anschutz were shown in the glass case. 



No. 3. Chronophotography on a plate fixed before a camera obscura, 

 Marey, 188<2.- — The analysis of motion by r chronophotography was 

 already worthy of attention in 1882. The apparatus was, however, 

 too costly, while the measures of distances and times were defective, 

 when the writer endeavored at once to simplif} r the experiments, and 



graphs and how to project them in animated form is thoroughly explained and fig- 

 ured in the patent of M. Ducos du Hauron; but the idea was entirely impracticable 

 at the time. 



It may be added, in all these apparatus the perception of movement is due to the 

 persistence of retinal impressions, which was the principle of Plateau's phenakisti- 

 scope of 1833. 



a We place the experiments of Muybridge along with those of chronophotography, 

 although this ingenious experimenter did not succeed in taking his instantaneous pho- 

 tographs at equal intervals of time. For the velocity of the horse not being quite 

 uniform, the equidistant wires were not reached at equal intervals of time. Besides, 

 the wire was more or less stretched before rupture took place. From these causes 

 there was a certain inequality in the rates of succession which Muybridge did not 

 succeed in satisfactorily overcoming by letting off the shutters independently of the 

 horse's motion. 



